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Djalovic I, Prasad PVV, Dunđerski D, Katanski S, Latković D, Kolarić L. Optimal Plant Density Is Key for Maximizing Maize Yield in Calcareous Soil of the South Pannonian Basin. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1799. [PMID: 38999640 PMCID: PMC11244450 DOI: 10.3390/plants13131799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Plant density, the number of plants per unit area, is an important factor in maize production. Plant density exhibits high variability and depends on a number of factors, i.e., the length of the growing period of the hybrid, the morphological characteristics of the plant, the amount and distribution of precipitation during the growing season, the reserve of winter moisture in the soil, the level of soil fertility, the time of sowing, agronomic management practices, and biomass and yield. The objective of this paper was to determine the agronomic optimal plant density for maize in calcareous soil in the semiarid conditions of the South Pannonian Basin. Field experiments were conducted at the experimental field-IFVCNS (two locations: Rimski Šančevi and Srbobran) to evaluate four plant densities (55,000; 65,000; 75,000; and 85,000 plants ha-1). The experimental sites "Rimski Šančevi" and "Srbobran" are located in the typical chernozem zone of the southern part of the Pannonian Basin. On average for all hybrids, the grain yield followed a second-degree polynomial model in response to the increasing planting density, with the highest value at plant density (PD2: 65,000 plants ha-1). To achieve maximum yield, the optimal planting density for corn hybrids of the FAO 200 group should be 57,600 plants ha-1, for the FAO 300 group 64,300 plants ha-1, for the FAO 400 group 68,700 plants ha-1, for the FAO 500 group 66,800 plants ha-1, and for the FAO 600 group 63,500 plants ha-1. "Which-Won-Where" biplot showed that the hybrid H24 from FAO 600 group was the highest yielding in all of the environments. Hybrid H17 from the same FAO group was the most stable across all of the environments. Selected hybrids may further be studied for planting density and nutritional requirements for getting maximum yield. By introducing new maize hybrids with higher genetic yield potential and better agronomic management practices, modern mechanization and agricultural techniques allowed to increase planting densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivica Djalovic
- Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - P V Vara Prasad
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Dušan Dunđerski
- Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Snežana Katanski
- Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Dragana Latković
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Ljubiša Kolarić
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Gao F, Wang L, Zhao R, Wang Y, Ma Y, Yang R, Zhang Q, Wang C. Rational Combination of Selenium Application Rate and Planting Density to Improve Selenium Uptake, Agronomic Traits, and Yield of Dryland Maize. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1327. [PMID: 38794398 PMCID: PMC11124975 DOI: 10.3390/plants13101327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Exogenous selenium application could effectively improve the selenium absorption of crops affected by different climatic conditions due to changes in the planting environment and planting conditions. We planted maize at planting densities of 67,500 plants ha-1 (D1) and 75,000 plants ha-1 (D2). Five selenium fertilizer gradients of 0 mg m-2 (Se0), 7.5 mg m-2 (Se1), 15.0 mg m-2 (Se2), 22.5 mg m-2 (Se3), and 30.0 mg m-2 (Se4) were applied to investigate the response of the plants to selenium fertilizer application in terms of the gradient selenium absorption and substance accumulation. With the increase in the amount of selenium fertilizer applied, more of the selenium fertilizer will be absorbed and transported from the leaves to the grains, and the selenium content of the grains will gradually increase and exceed the selenium content of leaves. Under the D2 density in 2022, the selenium content of the grains under Se1, Se2, Se3, and Se4 treatments increased by 65.67%, 72.71%, and 250.53%, respectively, compared with that of Se0. A total of 260.55% of the plants showed a gradient of grain > leaf > cob > stalk from the Se2 treatment, and the overall selenium content of the plants increased first and then decreased. Under the D1 density, compared with the Se0, the dry matter mass of the Se1, Se2, Se3, and Se4 treatments significantly improved by 5.84%, 1.49%, and 14.26% in 2021, and significantly improved by 4.84%, 3.50%, and 2.85% in 2022. The 1000-grain weight under Se2, Se3, and Se4 treatments improved by 8.57%, 9.06%, and 15.56% compared to that under the Se0 treatment, and the yield per ha under the Se2, Se3, and Se4 treatments was 18.58%, 9.09%, and 21.42% higher than that under Se0 treatment, respectively. In addition, a reasonable combination of selenium application rate and density could improve the chlorophyll content and stem growth of dryland maize. This lays a foundation for the efficient application of selenium fertilizer and provides an important reference.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Chuangyun Wang
- College of Agronomy, Shanxi Research Institute of Functional Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China; (F.G.); (Y.W.); (Y.M.); (R.Y.); (Q.Z.)
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Intrusion Detection Using Machine Learning for Risk Mitigation in IoT-Enabled Smart Irrigation in Smart Farming. J FOOD QUALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/3955514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of countries rely largely on agriculture for employment. Irrigation accounts for a sizable amount of water use. Crop irrigation is an important step in crop yield prediction. Field harvesting is very reliant on human supervision and experience. It is critical to safeguard the field’s water supply. The shortage of fresh water is a major challenge for the world, and the situation will deteriorate further in the next years. As a result of the aforementioned challenges, smart irrigation and precision farming are the only viable solutions. Only with the emergence of the Internet of Things and machine learning have smart irrigation and precision agriculture become economically viable. Increased efficiency, expense optimization, energy maximization, forecasting, and general public convenience are all benefits of the Internet of Things (IoT). As systems and data processing become more diversified, security issues arise. Security and privacy concerns are impeding the growth of the Internet of Things. This article establishes a framework for detecting and classifying intrusions into IoT networks used in agriculture. Security and privacy are major concerns not only in agriculture-related IoT networks but in all applications of the Internet of Things as well. In this framework, the NSL KDD data set is used as an input data set. In the preprocessing of the NSL-KDD data set, first all symbolic features are converted to numeric features. Feature extraction is performed using principal component analysis. Then, machine learning algorithms such as support vector machine, linear regression, and random forest are used to classify preprocessed data set. Performance comparisons of machine learning algorithms are evaluated on the basis of accuracy, precision, and recall parameters.
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Abstract
All living things, including plants, animals, and humans, need water in order to live. Even though the world has a lot of water, only about 1% of it is fresh and usable. As the population has grown and water has been used more, fresh water has become a more valuable and important resource. Agriculture uses more than 70% of the world’s fresh water. People who work in agriculture are not only the world’s biggest water users by volume, but also the least valuable, least efficient, and most subsidized water users. Technology like smart irrigation systems must be used to make agricultural irrigation more efficient so that more water is used. A system like this can be very precise, but it needs information about the soil and the weather in the area where it is going to be used. This paper analyzes a smart irrigation system that is based on the Internet of Things and a cloud-based architecture. This system is designed to measure soil moisture and humidity and then process this data in the cloud using a variety of machine learning techniques. Farmers are given the correct information about water content rules. Farming can use less water if they use smart irrigation.
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Kohzuma K, Tamaki M, Hikosaka K. Corrected photochemical reflectance index (PRI) is an effective tool for detecting environmental stresses in agricultural crops under light conditions. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2021; 134:683-694. [PMID: 34081252 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-021-01316-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput detection of plant environmental stresses is required for minimizing the reduction in crop yield. Environmental stresses in plants have primarily been validated by the measurements of photosynthesis with gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence, which involve complicated procedures. Remote sensing technologies that monitor leaf reflectance in intact plants enable real-time visualization of plant responses to environmental fluctuations. The photochemical reflectance index (PRI), one of the vegetation indices of spectral leaf reflectance, is related to changes in xanthophyll pigment composition. Xanthophyll dynamics are strongly correlated with plant stress because they contribute to the thermal dissipation of excess energy. However, an accurate assessment of plant stress based on PRI requires correction by baseline PRI (PRIo) in the dark, which is difficult to obtain in the field. In this study, we propose a method to correct the PRI using NPQT, which can be measured under light. By this method, we evaluated responses of excess light energy stress under drought in wild watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.), a xerophyte. Demonstration on the farm, the stress behaviors were observed in maize (Zea mays L.). Furthermore, the stress status of plants and their recovery following re-watering were captured as visual information. These results suggest that the PRI is an excellent indicator of environmental stress and recovery in plants and could be used as a high-throughput stress detection tool in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Kohzuma
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Maro Tamaki
- Okinawa Prefectural Agricultural Research Center, Itoman, Okinawa, 901-0336, Japan
| | - Kouki Hikosaka
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
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Bhoi A, Nayak RP, Bhoi SK, Sethi S, Panda SK, Sahoo KS, Nayyar A. IoT-IIRS: Internet of Things based intelligent-irrigation recommendation system using machine learning approach for efficient water usage. PeerJ Comput Sci 2021; 7:e578. [PMID: 34239972 PMCID: PMC8237332 DOI: 10.7717/peerj-cs.578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the traditional irrigation process, a huge amount of water consumption is required which leads to water wastage. To reduce the wasting of water for this tedious task, an intelligent irrigation system is urgently needed. The era of machine learning (ML) and the Internet of Things (IoT) brings it is a great advantage of building an intelligent system that performs this task automatically with minimal human effort. In this study, an IoT enabled ML-trained recommendation system is proposed for efficient water usage with the nominal intervention of farmers. IoT devices are deployed in the crop field to precisely collect the ground and environmental details. The gathered data are forwarded and stored in a cloud-based server, which applies ML approaches to analyze data and suggest irrigation to the farmer. To make the system robust and adaptive, an inbuilt feedback mechanism is added to this recommendation system. The experimentation, reveals that the proposed system performs quite well on our own collected dataset and National Institute of Technology (NIT) Raipur crop dataset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Bhoi
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Government College of Engineering (Govt.), Kalahandi, India
| | - Rajendra Prasad Nayak
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Government College of Engineering (Govt.), Kalahandi, India
| | - Sourav Kumar Bhoi
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Parala Maharaja Engineering College (Govt.), Berhampur, India
| | - Srinivas Sethi
- Department of Computer Science Engineering and Applications, Indira Gandhi Institute of Technology (Govt.), Sarang, India
| | - Sanjaya Kumar Panda
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology (NIT), Warangal, India
| | - Kshira Sagar Sahoo
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, SRM University, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Anand Nayyar
- Graduate School; Faculty of Information Technology, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
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Su Y, Wang D, Zhao S, Shi J, Shi Y, Wei D. Examining long-term natural vegetation dynamics in the Aral Sea Basin applying the linear spectral mixture model. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10747. [PMID: 33717666 PMCID: PMC7934649 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Associated with the significant decrease in water resources, natural vegetation degradation has also led to many widespread environmental problems in the Aral Sea Basin. However, few studies have examined long-term vegetation dynamics in the Aral Sea Basin or distinguished between natural vegetation and cultivated land when calculating the fractional vegetation cover. Methods Based on the multi-temporal Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, this study examined the natural vegetation coverage by introducing the Linear Spectral Mixture Model to the Google Earth Engine platform, which greatly reduces the experimental time. Further, trend line analysis, Sen trend analysis, and Mann-Kendall trend test methods were employed to explore the characteristics of natural vegetation cover change in the Aral Sea Basin from 2000 to 2018. Results Analyses of the results suggest three major conclusions. First, the development of irrigated agriculture in the desert area is the main reason for the decrease in downstream water. Second, with the reduction of water, the natural vegetation coverage in the Aral Sea Basin showed an upward trend of 17.77% from 2000 to 2018. Finally, the main driving factor of vegetation cover changes in the Aral Sea Basin is the migration of cultivated land to the desert.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Su
- School of Geology and Geomatics, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dongchuan Wang
- School of Geology and Geomatics, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Civil Structure Protection and Reinforcement, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- School of Geology and Geomatics, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiancong Shi
- School of Geology and Geomatics, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanqing Shi
- School of Geology and Geomatics, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dongying Wei
- School of Geology and Geomatics, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin, China
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