Short-Term Effect of High-Dose Pantoprazol on Serum and Urinary Magnesium Levels

Pharmacokinetics of Pantoprazole and Pantoprazole Sulfone in Goats After Intravenous Administration: A Preliminary Report

Background: Ruminant species are at risk of developing abomasal ulceration, but there is a lack of pharmacokinetic data for anti-ulcer therapies, such as the proton pump inhibitor pantoprazole, in goats.

Objective: The primary study objective was to estimate the plasma pharmacokinetic parameters for pantoprazole in adult goats after intravenous administration. A secondary objective was to describe the pharmacokinetic parameters for the metabolite, pantoprazole sulfone, in goats.

Methods: Pantoprazole was administered intravenously to six adult goats at a dose of 1 mg/kg. Plasma samples were collected over 36h and analyzed via reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography for determination of pantoprazole and pantoprazole sulfone concentrations. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by non-compartmental analysis.

Results: Plasma clearance, elimination half-life, and volume of distribution of pantoprazole were estimated at 0.345 mL/kg/min, 0.7 h, and 0.9 L/kg, respectively following IV administration. The maximum concentration, elimination half-life and area under the curve of pantoprazole sulfone were estimated at 0.1 μg/mL, 0.8 h, and 0.2 hr^*μg/mL, respectively. The global extraction ratio was estimated 0.00795 ± 0.00138. All animals had normal physical examinations after conclusion of the study.

Conclusion: The reported plasma clearance for pantoprazole is lower than reported for foals, calves, and alpacas. The elimination half-life appears to be < that reported for foals and calves. Future pharmacodynamic studies are necessary for determination of the efficacy of pantoprazole on acid suppression in goats.

A Retrospective Clinical Investigation of the Safety and Adverse Effects of Pantoprazole in Hospitalized Ruminants

Clinical safety data for the use of gastroprotectants in hospitalized ruminants is lacking. In human patients, multiple adverse effects are possible from the use of pantoprazole including hematologic and electrolyte abnormalities as well as anaphylaxis and edema. The medical records of all hospitalized cattle, goats, and sheep administered pantoprazole over an ~5-year period were retrospectively analyzed for adverse effects. Seventy-nine eligible patients were observed. Hypomagnesemia was observed after pantoprazole administration in 10 cattle; however, no significant changes were noted when compared to baseline before pantoprazole administration. Significant changes were noted in serum indicators of hepatic and renal function; however, these represented downward trends that were most likely clinically insignificant. Anaphylaxis after pantoprazole administration was not observed; however, seven cattle displayed edema after pantoprazole administration. Veterinary clinicians should be aware of the potential for hypomagnesemia in hospitalized ruminants being administered pantoprazole and monitor patients accordingly. While these preliminary retrospective results indicate that pantoprazole may be a safe adjunctive therapy in hospitalized ruminants, additional studies are necessary to further determine the safety and toxicity of pantoprazole in ruminants.