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Yazdani-Ahmadabadi H, Yu K, Gonzalez K, Luo HD, Lange D, Kizhakkedathu JN. Long-Term Prevention of Biofilm Formation by Polycatechol-Based Supramolecular Assemblies with Low Molecular Weight Polymers on Surfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:38631-38644. [PMID: 38980701 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c02371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Achievement of a stable surface coating with long-term resistance to biofilm formation remains a challenge. Catechol-based polymerization chemistry and surface deposition are used as tools for surface modification of diverse materials. However, the control of surface deposition of the coating, surface coverage, coating properties, and long-term protection against biofilm formation remain to be solved. We report a new approach based on supramolecular assembly to generate long-acting antibiofilm coating. Here, we utilized catechol chemistry in combination with low molecular weight amphiphilic polymers for the generation of such coatings. Screening studies with diverse low molecular weight (LMW) polymers and different catechols are utilized to identify lead compositions, which resulted in a thick coating with high surface coverage, smoothness, and antibiofilm activity. We have identified that small supramolecular assemblies (∼10 nm) formed from a combination of polydopamine and LMW poly(N-vinyl caprolactam) (PVCL) resulted in relatively thick coating (∼300 nm) with excellent surface coverage in comparison to other polymers and catechol combinations. The coating properties, such as thickness (10-300 nm) and surface hydrophilicity (with water contact angle: 20-60°), are readily controlled. The optimal coating composition showed excellent antibiofilm properties with long-term (>28 days) antibiofilm activity against both Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) strains. We further utilized the combination of optimal binary coating with silver to generate a coating with sustained release of silver ions, resulting in killing both adhered and planktonic bacteria and preventing long-term surface bacterial colonization. The new coating method utilizing LMW polymers opens a new avenue for the development of a novel class of thick, long-acting antibiofilm coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Yazdani-Ahmadabadi
- Centre for Blood Research, Life Science Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Kai Yu
- Centre for Blood Research, Life Science Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Kevin Gonzalez
- Centre for Blood Research, Life Science Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Haiming D Luo
- Centre for Blood Research, Life Science Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Dirk Lange
- Department of Urological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada
- Jack Bell Research Centre, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Y8, Canada
| | - Jayachandran N Kizhakkedathu
- Centre for Blood Research, Life Science Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
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Vranceanu DM, Ungureanu E, Ionescu IC, Parau AC, Pruna V, Titorencu I, Badea M, Gălbău CȘ, Idomir M, Dinu M, (Dragomir) AV, Cotrut CM. In Vitro Characterization of Hydroxyapatite-Based Coatings Doped with Mg or Zn Electrochemically Deposited on Nanostructured Titanium. Biomimetics (Basel) 2024; 9:244. [PMID: 38667255 PMCID: PMC11047857 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9040244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Biomaterials are an important and integrated part of modern medicine, and their development and improvement are essential. The fundamental requirement of a biomaterial is found to be in its interaction with the surrounding environment, with which it must coexist. The aim of this study was to assess the biological characteristics of hydroxyapatite (HAp)-based coatings doped with Mg and Zn ions obtained by the pulsed galvanostatic electrochemical method on the surface of pure titanium (cp-Ti) functionalized with titanium dioxide nanotubes (NTs TiO2) obtained by anodic oxidation. The obtained results highlighted that the addition of Zn or Mg into the HAp structure enhances the in vitro response of the cp-Ti surface functionalized with NT TiO2. The contact angle and surface free energy showed that all the developed surfaces have a hydrophilic character in comparison with the cp-Ti surface. The HAp-based coatings doped with Zn registered superior values than the ones with Mg, in terms of biomineralization, electrochemical behavior, and cell interaction. Overall, it can be said that the addition of Mg or Zn can enhance the in vitro behavior of the HAp-based coatings in accordance with clinical requirements. Antibacterial tests showed that the proposed HAp-Mg coatings had no efficiency against Escherichia coli, while the HAp-Zn coatings registered the highest antibacterial efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M. Vranceanu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (D.M.V.)
| | - Elena Ungureanu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (D.M.V.)
| | - Ionut C. Ionescu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (D.M.V.)
| | - Anca C. Parau
- National Institute of Research and Development for Optoelectronics INOE2000, 409 Atomistilor, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Vasile Pruna
- Romanian Academy Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu”, 8 B.P. Hasdeu, 050568 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Irina Titorencu
- Romanian Academy Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu”, 8 B.P. Hasdeu, 050568 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Badea
- Prophylactic and Clinical Disciplines, Department of Fundamental, Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University of Brasov, 56 Nicolae Balcescu, 500019 Brasov, Romania
- Research Center for Fundamental Research and Prevention Strategies in Medicine, Research and Development Institute, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania Institutului, 10, 500484 Brașov, Romania
| | - Cristina-Ștefania Gălbău
- Prophylactic and Clinical Disciplines, Department of Fundamental, Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University of Brasov, 56 Nicolae Balcescu, 500019 Brasov, Romania
- Research Center for Fundamental Research and Prevention Strategies in Medicine, Research and Development Institute, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania Institutului, 10, 500484 Brașov, Romania
| | - Mihaela Idomir
- Prophylactic and Clinical Disciplines, Department of Fundamental, Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University of Brasov, 56 Nicolae Balcescu, 500019 Brasov, Romania
- Research Center for Fundamental Research and Prevention Strategies in Medicine, Research and Development Institute, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania Institutului, 10, 500484 Brașov, Romania
| | - Mihaela Dinu
- National Institute of Research and Development for Optoelectronics INOE2000, 409 Atomistilor, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Alina Vladescu (Dragomir)
- National Institute of Research and Development for Optoelectronics INOE2000, 409 Atomistilor, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Cosmin M. Cotrut
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (D.M.V.)
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Bright R, Hayles A, Wood J, Palms D, Barker D, Vasilev K. Interplay between Immune and Bacterial Cells on a Biomimetic Nanostructured Surface: A "Race for the Surface" Study. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:3472-3483. [PMID: 37384836 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Biomaterial-associated infection is an ever-increasing risk with devasting consequences for patients. Considerable research has been undertaken to address this issue by imparting antibacterial properties to the surface of biomedical implants. One approach that generated much interest over recent years was the generation of bioinspired bactericidal nanostructures. In the present report, we have investigated the interplay between macrophages and bacteria on antibacterial nanostructured surfaces to determine the outcome of the so-called "race for the surface". Our results showed that macrophages can indeed outcompete Staphylococcus aureus via multiple mechanisms. The early generation of reactive oxygen species by macrophages, downregulation of bacterial virulence gene expression, and the bactericidal nature of the nanostructured surface itself collectively acted to help the macrophage to win the race. This study highlights the potential of nanostructured surfaces to reduce infection rates and improve the long-term success of biomedical implants. This work can also serve as guidance to others to investigate in vitro host-bacteria interactions on other candidate antibacterial surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Bright
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Andrew Hayles
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Jonathan Wood
- Academic Unit of STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Dennis Palms
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Dan Barker
- Corin Australia, Sydney, NSW 2153, Australia
| | - Krasimir Vasilev
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
- Academic Unit of STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, SA 5095, Australia
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Sahoo J, Sarkhel S, Mukherjee N, Jaiswal A. Nanomaterial-Based Antimicrobial Coating for Biomedical Implants: New Age Solution for Biofilm-Associated Infections. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:45962-45980. [PMID: 36570317 PMCID: PMC9773971 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the upsurge in hospital-acquired diseases has put global health at risk. Biomedical implants being the primary source of contamination, the development of biomedical implants with antimicrobial coatings has attracted the attention of a large group of researchers from around the globe. Bacteria develops biofilms on the surface of implants, making it challenging to eradicate them with the standard approach of administering antibiotics. A further issue of current concern is the fast resurgence of resistance to conventional antibiotics. As nanotechnology continues to advance, various types of nanomaterials have been created, including 2D nanoparticles and metal and metal oxide nanoparticles with antimicrobial properties. Researchers from all over the world are using these materials as a coating agent for biomedical implants to create an antimicrobial environment. This comprehensive and contemporary review summarizes various metals, metal oxide nanoparticles, 2D nanomaterials, and their composites that have been used or may be used in the future as an antimicrobial coating agent for biomedical implants, as well as their succinct mode of action to combat biofilm-associated infection and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nivedita Mukherjee
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175075, India
| | - Amit Jaiswal
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175075, India
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Bordbar-Khiabani A, Gasik M. Smart Hydrogels for Advanced Drug Delivery Systems. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:3665. [PMID: 35409025 PMCID: PMC8998863 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the last few decades, the development of smart hydrogels, which can respond to stimuli and adapt their responses based on external cues from their environments, has become a thriving research frontier in the biomedical engineering field. Nowadays, drug delivery systems have received great attention and smart hydrogels can be potentially used in these systems due to their high stability, physicochemical properties, and biocompatibility. Smart hydrogels can change their hydrophilicity, swelling ability, physical properties, and molecules permeability, influenced by external stimuli such as pH, temperature, electrical and magnetic fields, light, and the biomolecules' concentration, thus resulting in the controlled release of the loaded drugs. Herein, this review encompasses the latest investigations in the field of stimuli-responsive drug-loaded hydrogels and our contribution to this matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aydin Bordbar-Khiabani
- Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University Foundation, 02150 Espoo, Finland;
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Kim SY, Kim YK, Jang YS, Lee MH. Enhancement of Biofunctionalization by Loading Manuka Oil on TiO 2 Nanotubes. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12030569. [PMID: 35159914 PMCID: PMC8838098 DOI: 10.3390/nano12030569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Metallic implants (mesh) for guided bone regeneration can result in foreign body reactions with surrounding tissues, infection, and inflammatory reactions caused by micro-organisms in the oral cavity after implantation. This study aimed to reduce the possibility of surgical failure caused by microbial infection by loading antibacterial manuka oil in a biocompatible nanostructure surface on Ti and to induce stable bone regeneration in the bone defect. The manuka oil from New Zealand consisted of a rich β-triketone chemotype, leptospermone, which showed strong inhibitory effects against several bacteria, even at very low oil concentrations. The TiO2 nanotubular layer formed by anodization effectively enhanced the surface hydrophilicity, bioactivity, and fast initial bone regeneration. A concentration of manuka oil in the range of 0.02% to less than 1% can have a synergistic effect on antibacterial activity and excellent biocompatibility. A manuka oil coating (especially with a concentration of 0.5%) on the TiO2 nanotube layer can be expected not only to prevent stenosis of the connective tissue around the mesh and inflammation by microbial infection but also to be effective in stable and rapid bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Min-Ho Lee
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +82-63-270-4040
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Role of Implantable Drug Delivery Devices with Dual Platform Capabilities in the Prevention and Treatment of Bacterial Osteomyelitis. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9020065. [PMID: 35200418 PMCID: PMC8869141 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9020065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
As medicine advances and physicians are able to provide patients with innovative solutions, including placement of temporary or permanent medical devices that drastically improve quality of life of the patient, there is the persistent, recurring problem of chronic bacterial infection, including osteomyelitis. Osteomyelitis can manifest as a result of traumatic or contaminated wounds or implant-associated infections. This bacterial infection can persist as a result of inadequate treatment regimens or the presence of biofilm on implanted medical devices. One strategy to mitigate these concerns is the use of implantable medical devices that simultaneously act as local drug delivery devices (DDDs). This classification of device has the potential to prevent or aid in clearing chronic bacterial infection by delivering effective doses of antibiotics to the area of interest and can be engineered to simultaneously aid in tissue regeneration. This review will provide a background on bacterial infection and current therapies as well as current and prospective implantable DDDs, with a particular emphasis on local DDDs to combat bacterial osteomyelitis.
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Oliveira IM, Gomes M, Gomes LC, Pereira MFR, Soares OSGP, Mergulhão FJ. Performance of Graphene/Polydimethylsiloxane Surfaces against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa Single- and Dual-Species Biofilms. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:355. [PMID: 35159699 PMCID: PMC8839372 DOI: 10.3390/nano12030355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The increasing incidence of implant-associated infections has prompted the development of effective strategies to prevent biofilm formation on these devices. In this work, pristine graphene nanoplatelet/polydimethylsiloxane (GNP/PDMS) surfaces containing different GNP loadings (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 wt%) were produced and evaluated on their ability to mitigate biofilm development. After GNP loading optimization, the most promising surface was tested against single- and dual-species biofilms of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The antibiofilm activity of GNP/PDMS surfaces was determined by the quantification of total, viable, culturable, and viable but nonculturable (VBNC) cells, as well as by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Results showed that 5 wt% GNP loading reduced the number of total (57%), viable (69%), culturable (55%), and VBNC cells (85%) of S. aureus biofilms compared to PDMS. A decrease of 25% in total cells and about 52% in viable, culturable, and VBNC cells was observed for P. aeruginosa biofilms. Dual-species biofilms demonstrated higher resistance to the antimicrobial activity of GNP surfaces, with lower biofilm cell reductions (of up to 29% when compared to single-species biofilms). Still, the effectiveness of these surfaces in suppressing single- and dual-species biofilm formation was confirmed by CLSM analysis, where a decrease in biofilm biovolume (83% for S. aureus biofilms and 42% for P. aeruginosa and dual-species biofilms) and thickness (on average 72%) was obtained. Overall, these results showed that pristine GNPs dispersed into the PDMS matrix were able to inhibit biofilm growth, being a starting point for the fabrication of novel surface coatings based on functionalized GNP/PDMS composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel M. Oliveira
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (I.M.O.); (M.G.); (L.C.G.)
| | - Marisa Gomes
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (I.M.O.); (M.G.); (L.C.G.)
| | - Luciana C. Gomes
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (I.M.O.); (M.G.); (L.C.G.)
| | - Manuel F. R. Pereira
- LSRE–LCM—Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering–Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Olívia S. G. P. Soares
- LSRE–LCM—Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering–Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Filipe J. Mergulhão
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (I.M.O.); (M.G.); (L.C.G.)
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Development of Chitosan-Based Surfaces to Prevent Single- and Dual-Species Biofilms of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26144378. [PMID: 34299652 PMCID: PMC8306285 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Implantable medical devices (IMDs) are susceptible to microbial adhesion and biofilm formation, which lead to several clinical complications, including the occurrence of implant-associated infections. Polylactic acid (PLA) and its composites are currently used for the construction of IMDs. In addition, chitosan (CS) is a natural polymer that has been widely used in the medical field due to its antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties, which can be dependent on molecular weight (Mw). The present study aims to evaluate the performance of CS-based surfaces of different Mw to inhibit bacterial biofilm formation. For this purpose, CS-based surfaces were produced by dip-coating and the presence of CS and its derivatives onto PLA films, as well surface homogeneity were confirmed by contact angle measurements, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The antimicrobial activity of the functionalized surfaces was evaluated against single- and dual-species biofilms of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Chitosan-based surfaces were able to inhibit the development of single- and dual-species biofilms by reducing the number of total, viable, culturable, and viable but nonculturable cells up to 79%, 90%, 81%, and 96%, respectively, being their activity dependent on chitosan Mw. The effect of CS-based surfaces on the inhibition of biofilm formation was corroborated by biofilm structure analysis using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), which revealed a decrease in the biovolume and thickness of the biofilm formed on CS-based surfaces compared to PLA. Overall, these results support the potential of low Mw CS for coating polymeric devices such as IMDs where the two bacteria tested are common colonizers and reduce their biofilm formation.
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Zn-Doped CaP-Based Coatings on Ti–6Al–4V and Ti–6Al–7Nb Alloys Prepared by Magnetron Sputtering: Controllable Biodegradation, Bacteriostatic, and Osteogenic Activities. COATINGS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings11070809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
New TiNb-based alloys, such as Ti–6Al–7Nb, are currently being studied around the world as an alternative to other Ti alloys, e.g., instead of Ti–6Al–4V. We conducted a pilot study where thin (approximately 1.2 micron) CaP coatings containing low doses of Zn2+ (0.4–0.8 wt.%) were prepared by the radio frequency magnetron sputtering (RFMS) of Zn-hydroxyapatite (HA) target on Ti–6Al–4V and Ti–6Al–7Nb substrates and investigated their physicochemical properties, in vitro solubility, cytotoxicity, and antibacterial and osteogenic activities. The thickness of the obtained coatings was approximately 1.2–1.3 microns. Zn substitution did not result in roughness or structural or surface changes in the amorphous CaP coatings. The distributions of Ca, P, and Zn were homogeneous across the film thickness as shown by the EDX mapping of these elements. Zn doping of CaP coatings on both types of Ti-based alloys statistically influenced the results of the scratch-test. However, obtained values are satisfactory to use Zn-CaP coatings on biomedical implants. Increased Zn2+ release vs. tapered output of Ca and phosphate ions occurred during 5 weeks of an in vitro immersion test in 0.9% NaCl solution. Ti–6Al–7Nb alloy, unlike Ti–6Al–4V, promoted more linear biodegradation of CaP coatings in vitro. As a result, CaP-based surfaces on Ti–6Al–7Nb, compared with on Ti–6Al–4V alloy, augmented the total areas of Alizarin red staining in a 21-day culture of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in a statistically significant manner. Moreover, Zn–CaP coatings statistically reduced leukemic Jurkat T cell survival within 48 h of in vitro culture. Along with the higher solubility of the Zn–CaP surface, a greater reduction (4- to 5.5-fold) in Staphylococcus aureus growth was observed in vitro when 7-day extracts of the coatings were added into the microbial culture. Hence, Zn–CaP-coated Ti–6Al–7Nb alloy with controllable biodegradation as prepared by RFMS is a prospective material suitable for bone applications in cases where there is a risk of bacterial contamination with severe consequences, for example, in leukemic patients. Further research is needed to closely investigate the mechanical features and pathways of their solubility and antimicrobial, antitumor, and osteogenic activities.
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