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Liu B, Cao Y, Li Y, Ma H, Yang M, Zhang Q, Li G, Zhang K, Wu Y, Zhou Y, Yang W, Sun T. Glioma Stem Cells Upregulate CD39 Expression to Escape Immune Response through SOX2 Modulation. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030783. [PMID: 35159053 PMCID: PMC8834269 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Glioblastoma is the most malignant tumor of the central nervous system. Glioma stem cells are the cause of adverse outcomes such as early recurrence and low overall survival in glioma patients. Targeting glioma stem cells is considered a promising anti-glioma strategy, Although CD39 plays a key role in the initiation and regulation of DC-mediated antigen-specific immune responses, its impact on GSCs is unclear. Therefore, we systematically investigated the effect of CD39 on extracellular ATP levels, dendritic cell recruitment and T cell killing in glioma stem cells. The molecular mechanism by which SOX2 binds to the CD39 promoter to regulate extracellular ATP levels, and evaluated the immune response enhanced by inhibition of CD39 after ADM treatment in a mouse glioma model. We suggest that CD39 is an effective target for glioma immunotherapy. Abstract Ectonucleotidase CD39 hydrolyzing extracellular ATP (eATP) functions as a key modulator of immune response in the tumor microenvironment, yet the role of CD39 in contributing tumor stem cells in a more immunosuppressive microenvironment remains elusive. Here we report that the upregulation of CD39 is crucial for the decrease of extracellular ATP concentration around glioma stem cells (GSCs) to maintain an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Adriamycin (ADM) is able to promote the release of ATP, which recruits dendritic cells (DCs) to phagocytose GSCs. CD39 inhibition further increased extracellular ATP concentrations following ADM treatment and DCs phagocytosis. In addition, GSCs upregulated CD39 expression by SOX2-binding CD39 promotor. In mouse tumor models, the combination of ADM and CD39 blockade increased immune cell infiltration and reduced tumor size. These findings suggest that GSCs upregulate CD39 expression by their biological characteristics to maintain an immunosuppressive microenvironment, and CD39 inhibition supplies a favorable tumor microenvironment (TME) for immunotherapeutic intervention and enhances the immune response induced by chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Laboratory of Brain and Nerve Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China; (B.L.); (Y.C.); (Y.L.); (K.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qinghai Provincial People’s Hospital, Xining, Qinghai 810007, China; (H.M.); (M.Y.); (Q.Z.); (G.L.)
| | - Yufei Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Laboratory of Brain and Nerve Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China; (B.L.); (Y.C.); (Y.L.); (K.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yanyan Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Laboratory of Brain and Nerve Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China; (B.L.); (Y.C.); (Y.L.); (K.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Haifeng Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qinghai Provincial People’s Hospital, Xining, Qinghai 810007, China; (H.M.); (M.Y.); (Q.Z.); (G.L.)
| | - Mingfei Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qinghai Provincial People’s Hospital, Xining, Qinghai 810007, China; (H.M.); (M.Y.); (Q.Z.); (G.L.)
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qinghai Provincial People’s Hospital, Xining, Qinghai 810007, China; (H.M.); (M.Y.); (Q.Z.); (G.L.)
| | - Guofeng Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qinghai Provincial People’s Hospital, Xining, Qinghai 810007, China; (H.M.); (M.Y.); (Q.Z.); (G.L.)
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Laboratory of Brain and Nerve Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China; (B.L.); (Y.C.); (Y.L.); (K.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Laboratory of Brain and Nerve Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China; (B.L.); (Y.C.); (Y.L.); (K.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Youxin Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Laboratory of Brain and Nerve Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China; (B.L.); (Y.C.); (Y.L.); (K.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Wei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
- Correspondence: (W.Y.); (T.S.)
| | - Ting Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Laboratory of Brain and Nerve Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China; (B.L.); (Y.C.); (Y.L.); (K.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.)
- Correspondence: (W.Y.); (T.S.)
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Litak J, Mazurek M, Grochowski C, Kamieniak P, Roliński J. PD-L1/PD-1 Axis in Glioblastoma Multiforme. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5347. [PMID: 31661771 PMCID: PMC6862444 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most popular primary central nervous system cancer and has an extremely expansive course. Aggressive tumor growth correlates with short median overall survival (OS) oscillating between 14 and 17 months. The survival rate of patients in a three-year follow up oscillates around 10%. The interaction of the proteins programmed death-1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death ligand (PD-L1) creates an immunoregulatory axis promoting invasion of glioblastoma multiforme cells in the brain tissue. The PD-1 pathway maintains immunological homeostasis and protects against autoimmunity. PD-L1 expression on glioblastoma surface promotes PD-1 receptor activation in microglia, resulting in the negative regulation of T cell responses. Glioblastoma multiforme cells induce PD-L1 secretion by activation of various receptors such as toll like receptor (TLR), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), interferon alpha receptor (IFNAR), interferon-gamma receptor (IFNGR). Binding of the PD-1 ligand to the PD-1 receptor activates the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2, which dephosphorylates Zap 70, and this inhibits T cell proliferation and downregulates lymphocyte cytotoxic activity. Relevant studies demonstrated that the expression of PD-L1 in glioma correlates with WHO grading and could be considered as a tumor biomarker. Studies in preclinical GBM mouse models confirmed the safety and efficiency of monoclonal antibodies targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis. Satisfactory results such as significant regression of tumor mass and longer animal survival time were observed. Monoclonal antibodies inhibiting PD-1 and PD-L1 are being tested in clinical trials concerning patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Litak
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland.
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Marek Mazurek
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Cezary Grochowski
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland.
- Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Piotr Kamieniak
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Jacek Roliński
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland.
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