The Association of Blood Glucose Levels and Arterial Stiffness (Cardio-Ankle Vascular Index) in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Prevalence of Cardiovascular Risk Factors Among Patients With Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 at King Fahad University Hospital, Saudi Arabia

Background

Diabetes mellitus is considered a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM-II) are at twice as high risk for the development of cardiovascular diseases than the general population. Thus, we aimed to assess the most prevalent cardiovascular risk (CVR) factors among DM-II patients in the Eastern province of Saudi Arabia.

Method

This is a cross-sectional, retrospective, and observational study conducted on DM-II patients at King Fahad University Hospital (KFUH) Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia, from January 2016 to December 2021. The total number of participants was 373 who were patients with DM-II. The patients' demographic information (age, sex, marital status, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), waist, hip circumference, and waist-hip ratio were calculated or obtained from hospital electronic records as were the CVR factors, age, gender, smoking habits, physical activity, BMI, haemodynamic measurements, glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1C) levels and lipid profile.

The collected data were analyzed by using SPSS Statistics v.28 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). The descriptive statistics were reported using mean±SD for numerical data and relative frequencies (%) for categorical data. P < 0.05 were counted significant. Quantitative data were analyzed using the ANOVA test to compare the means of the three groups. Qualitative data were analyzed and compared using the chi-square test. Fisher’s exact test was also used to study the statistical significance of variables. Spearman rank correlation was used to study the relationship between HbA1C and other CV risk factors. 

Results

The mean age was 58 (± 13) years; females were 57% of the sample. Around 92% were smokers, 84% had a sedentary lifestyle, 72% had dyslipidemia, 58% were obese, 30% were overweight, 58% reported poorly control of their diabetes, 50% had hypertension and 32% had pre-hypertension. Furthermore, 89% of participants had two or more CVR factors other than DM-II. We found a significant association between high body mass index, dyslipidemia, high systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure (p<0.05) with HbA1C.

Conclusion

The majority of participants had two or more cardiovascular risk factors in addition to DM-II. Poor control of DM-II and cardiovascular risk factors cannot be ignored and primary to tertiary prevention must be the top priority when managing the diabetic population in order to prevent devastating outcomes and progression of reversible morbidity.