Frequency of Celiac Disease in Patients With Chronic Diarrhea

Celiac Disease: Beyond Diet and Food Awareness

Celiac disease is attributable to a combination of genetic predisposition and exposure to dietary gluten, with immune system involvement. The incidence is increasing globally, and the societal economic burden of celiac disease stretches beyond the cost of gluten-free food. This enteropathy that affects the small intestine has been related to different disorders and comorbidities. Thus, the implications of suffering from this disease are multidimensional and need further consideration. Celiac disease is a serious condition that remains under-recognized, resulting in an increased need for programs for better management. This review aims to summarize the current evidence regarding celiac diseases, with special emphasis on clinical implications, diagnosis, dietary management, socioeconomical aspects, and future perspectives.

Prevalence of celiac disease-specific antibodies and their association with clinical status and environmental factors

Background and aims

Celiac disease (CeD) affects 1-2% of the world's population. The aim of this study was to relate the incidence of CeD-related serological markers to symptoms, pathologies, and environmental exposure to wheat flour, given the number of flour mills present in the region.

Materials & methods

Serum samples were collected from 537 inhabitants from a rural city. Levels of anti-transglutaminase (a-tTg), anti-gliadin, anti-DGP antibodies and total IgA levels were measured. Volunteers completed a questionnaire covering environmental factors, demographics, pregnancies, other diseases, symptoms, and CeD diagnosis. Geo-referencing of volunteers' homes and mills in the city was performed, and correlations between the different parameters assessed were analysed.

Results

A CeD incidence of 1.76 % was found. However, a-tTg and a-gliadin levels were elevated in the population without CeD diagnosis (9.6 % and 30.1 %). Subjects with CD diagnosis showed diarrhoea and colic pain. Women with CeD had fewer pregnancies. Positive a-tTg and number of CeD-associated symptoms appear to correlate with proximity to flour mills.

Conclusion

A high prevalence of CeD-related specific antibody positivity in a rural population was found, possibly due to environmental factors related to flour mills. Further research is needed to better understand CeD's pathogenesis and its health implications.

Who to screen and how to screen for celiac disease

Celiac disease (CeD) is a chronic gluten-induced enteropathy with plethoric manifestations. The typical manifestations of CeD such as chronic diarrhea and malabsorption are widely recognized, however, many patients have atypical manifestations like iron deficiency anemia, idiopathic short stature, hypertransaminesemia or infertility, etc. These patients often present to the primary care physicians and/or non-gastrointestinal specialties. However, due to a lack of awareness among the healthcare professionals about the various atypical manifestations, many patients are not screened for CeD. In this review, we have summarized the available literature about the prevalence of CeD in various gastrointestinal (chronic diarrhea) and non-gastrointestinal conditions (iron deficiency anemia, short stature, cryptogenic hypertransaminesemia, cryptogenic cirrhosis or idiopathic ataxia etc.) where the diagnosis of CeD should be con-sidered. In addition, we also discuss special scenarios where screening for CeD should be considered even in absence of symptoms such as patients with type 1 diabetes, Down’s syndrome, and first-degree relatives of patients with CeD. Further, we discuss the diagnostic performance and limitations of various screening tests for CeD such as IgA anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies, anti-endomysial antibodies and anti-deamidated gliadin antibodies. Based on the current recommendations, we propose a diagnostic algorithm for patients with suspected CeD.