The Progression of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia to Myeloid Sarcoma: A Systematic Review

Artificial intelligence performance in detecting lymphoma from medical imaging: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Accurate diagnosis and early treatment are essential in the fight against lymphatic cancer. The application of artificial intelligence (AI) in the field of medical imaging shows great potential, but the diagnostic accuracy of lymphoma is unclear. This study was done to systematically review and meta-analyse researches concerning the diagnostic performance of AI in detecting lymphoma using medical imaging for the first time.

METHODS

Searches were conducted in Medline, Embase, IEEE and Cochrane up to December 2023. Data extraction and assessment of the included study quality were independently conducted by two investigators. Studies that reported the diagnostic performance of an AI model/s for the early detection of lymphoma using medical imaging were included in the systemic review. We extracted the binary diagnostic accuracy data to obtain the outcomes of interest: sensitivity (SE), specificity (SP), and Area Under the Curve (AUC). The study was registered with the PROSPERO, CRD42022383386.

RESULTS

Thirty studies were included in the systematic review, sixteen of which were meta-analyzed with a pooled sensitivity of 87% (95%CI 83-91%), specificity of 94% (92-96%), and AUC of 97% (95-98%). Satisfactory diagnostic performance was observed in subgroup analyses based on algorithms types (machine learning versus deep learning, and whether transfer learning was applied), sample size (≤ 200 or >  200), clinicians versus AI models and geographical distribution of institutions (Asia versus non-Asia).

CONCLUSIONS

Even if possible overestimation and further studies with a better standards for application of AI algorithms in lymphoma detection are needed, we suggest the AI may be useful in lymphoma diagnosis.

A Case of Hepatocellular Carcinoma after Treatment for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia in a Patient without Liver Disease

Introduction

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative disease caused by the reciprocal translocation of chromosomes 9 and 22, which leads to a chimeric gene product known as BCR-ABL. Some studies have shown a higher incidence of secondary malignancies than the one seen in the general population in patients with CML. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is rarely reported in association with CML and/or CML-related treatment.

Case Presentation

We describe a case of a patient with no history of liver disease and CML on imatinib for 10 years, who presented with worsening right upper quadrant abdominal pain. Imaging revealed a large hepatic mass highly suspicious of malignancy that later was confirmed to be HCC after biopsy. The patient was bracketed with advanced stage HCC (BCLC stage C) and given her advanced age and poor performance status; palliative care was offered.

Conclusion

Patients with CML have a common association with secondary malignancies. This is the first case report based on our extensive review of available literature that HCC was diagnosed in a patient with CML on treatment with imatinib without any clear or usual underlying cause.

Leukostasis With Isolated Central Nervous System Involvement in Chronic Phase of Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a hematologic malignancy with unique significance to the field of hematology and oncology, specifically due to the development of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). CML often presents with nonspecific symptoms, and the quality of life in patients with CML has drastically improved as a result of TKIs. However, complications of CML including the risk of transforming into life-threatening blast crises continue to exist. Further, as most patients are asymptomatic in the chronic phase, patients often present with serious complications associated with noncompliance to TKIs. For example, central nervous system (CNS) manifestations of CML have been reported, both as the initial presentation of undiagnosed CML and as known complication of uncontrolled CML. Hyperleukocytosis is a manifestation of uncontrolled CML and leukostasis is a complication, occurring in cases of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Here we present a rare case of leukostasis in a patient with known CML presenting on computed tomography (CT) as intracranial masses in the chronic phase. Our goal is to discuss this rare case of leukostasis in adult CML and describe its management.