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Tao BK, Ding J, Ing EB, Kohly RP, Langan R, Nathoo N, Rocha G, Sogbesan E, Teja S, Siddiqi J, Khosa F. Gender, Race, and Ethnicity of US Academic Ophthalmology Faculty and Department Chairs From 1966 to 2021. JAMA Ophthalmol 2024:2820697. [PMID: 38990520 PMCID: PMC11240232 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2024.2375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Importance Workforce diversity is integral to optimal function within health care teams. Objective To analyze gender, race, and ethnicity trends in rank and leadership among US full-time academic ophthalmology faculty and department chairs between 1966 and 2021. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study included full-time US academic ophthalmology faculty and department chairs registered in the Association of American Medical Colleges. Study data were analyzed in September 2023. Exposure Identifying with an underrepresented in medicine (URiM) group. Main Outcomes and Measures The main outcome measures were demographic (ie, gender, race, and ethnicity) changes among academic faculty and department chairs, assessed in 5-year intervals. The term minoritized race refers to any racial group other than White race. Results There were 221 academic physicians in 1966 (27 women [12.2%]; 38 minoritized race [17.2%]; 8 Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish [3.6%]) and 3158 academic faculty by 2021 (1320 women [41.8%]; 1298 minoritized race [41.1%]; 147 Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish ethnicity [4.7%]). The annual proportional change for women, minoritized race, and Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish ethnicity was +0.63% per year (95% CI, 0.53%-0.72%), +0.54% per year (95% CI, 0.72%-0.36%), and -0.01% (95% CI, -0.03% to 0%), respectively. Women were underrepresented across academic ranks and increasingly so at higher echelons, ranging from nonprofessor/instructor roles (period-averaged mean difference [PA-MD], 19.88%; 95% CI, 16.82%-22.94%) to professor (PA-MD, 81.33%; 95% CI, 78.80%-83.86%). The corpus of department chairs grew from 77 in 1977 (0 women; 7 minoritized race [9.09%]; 2 Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish ethnicity [2.60%]) to 104 by 2021 (17 women [16.35%]; 22 minoritized race [21.15%]; 4 Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish ethnicity [3.85%]). For department chairs, the annual rate of change in the proportion of women, minoritized race, and Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish ethnicity was +0.32% per year (95% CI, 0.20%-0.44%), +0.34% per year (95% CI, 0.19%-0.49%), and +0.05% per year (95% CI, 0.02%-0.08%), respectively. In both faculty and department chairs, the proportion of URiM groups (American Indian or Alaska Native, Black or African American, Hispanic, and Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander) grew the least. Intersectionality analysis suggested that men and non-URiM status were associated with greater representation across ophthalmology faculty and department chairs. However, among ophthalmology faculty, URiM women and men did not significantly differ across strata of academic ranks, whereas for department chairs, no difference was observed in representation between URiM men and non-URiM women. Conclusion & Relevance Results of this cohort study revealed that since 1966, workforce diversity progressed slowly and was limited to lower academic ranks and leadership positions. Intersectionality of URiM status and gender persisted in representation trends. These findings suggest further advocacy and intervention are needed to increase workforce diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan K. Tao
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Ding
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Edsel B. Ing
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Chair, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Equity, Diversity and Inclusion Working Group, Canadian Ophthalmological Society, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Radha P. Kohly
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Vice Chair, Faculty Development, Diversity and Equity and Global Health, Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert Langan
- Geneva School of Economics and Management, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nawaaz Nathoo
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Guillermo Rocha
- Chair, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Enitan Sogbesan
- Division of Ophthalmology, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Salina Teja
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Javed Siddiqi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Riverside University Health System Medical Center, Moreno Valley, California
- Department of Neurosurgery, Arrowhead Regional Medical Center, Colton, California
- Department of Neurosurgery, California University of Science and Medicine, Colton, California
| | - Faisal Khosa
- Department of Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Tao BK, Xie JS, Leong R, Xia M, Nguyen AXL, Ling J, Nathoo N, Ing EB, Kohly RP, Khosa F. Gender inclusivity of ophthalmology journal submission guidelines and associated research metrics. Eur J Ophthalmol 2024:11206721241259806. [PMID: 38840477 DOI: 10.1177/11206721241259806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This cross-sectional study evaluated the prevalence of inclusive author submission guidelines across ophthalmology journals. METHODS Journals were identified from the 2021 Journal Citations Report (Clarivate Analytics). Independent reviewers rated each author submission guideline as "inclusive" for satisfying at-least one of six criteria: i) included examples of gender inclusive language; ii) recommended the use of gender-inclusive language; iii) distinguished between sex and gender; iv) provided educational resources on gender-inclusive language; v) provided a policy permitting name changes (e.g., in case of gender and name transition); and/or vi) provided a statement of commitment to inclusivity. The primary objective was to investigate the proportion of journals with "gender-inclusive" author submission guidelines and the elements of the gender-inclusive content within these guidelines. A secondary objective was to review the association between "gender-inclusivity" in author submission guidelines with publisher, origin country, and journal/source/influence metrics (Clarivate Analytics). RESULTS Across 94 journals, 29.8% journals were rated as inclusive. Inclusive journals had significantly higher relative impact factor, citations, and article influence scores compared to non-inclusive journals. Of the 29.8% of inclusive journals, the three most common domains were inclusion of an inclusivity statement (71.4% of inclusive journals), distinguishing between sex and gender (67.9%), and provision of additional educational resources on gender reporting for authors (60.7%). CONCLUSION A minority of ophthalmology journals have gender-inclusive author submission guidelines. Ophthalmology journals should update their submission guidelines to advance gender equity of both authors and study participants and promote the inclusion of gender-diverse communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan K Tao
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jim S Xie
- Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Rachel Leong
- Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Matton Xia
- Faculty of Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Anne Xuan-Lan Nguyen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jennifer Ling
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Nawaaz Nathoo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Edsel B Ing
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Radha P Kohly
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Faisal Khosa
- Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Dixon J, Tubert-Jeannin S, Davies J, van Harten M, Roger-Leroi V, Vital S, Paganelli C, Akota I, Manzanares-Cespedes MC, Murphy D, Gerber G, Quinn B, Field J. O-Health-Edu: A viewpoint into the current state of oral health professional education in Europe: Part 2: Curriculum structure, facilities, staffing and quality assurance. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DENTAL EDUCATION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR DENTAL EDUCATION IN EUROPE 2024; 28:607-620. [PMID: 38258340 DOI: 10.1111/eje.12987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oral health professional (OHP) education is likely to vary across Europe in accordance with an EU directive that is open to broad interpretation. It is not clear how OHP curricula are structured or delivered across Europe. The objectives of Part 2 of this paper series are: (i) to provide an overview of common practices in curriculum structure, the availability of facilities, staffing (faculty) and quality assurance processes and (ii) to consider how the existing programme structures align to stakeholder guidance documents. METHODS A total of 27 questions from a 91-item questionnaire were used for this manuscript. The questionnaire was developed following the Delphi method to establish consensus from a group of experts. Members of the research team and colleagues from other countries in Europe completed a multi-step piloting process. An online data hub was created to allow the respondents to be data controllers and respond to the questionnaire. ADEE member schools (n = 144) were invited to provide data. RESULTS Totally, 71 institutions from 25 European countries provided data between June 2021 and April 2023, which represents a response rate of 49.3% of ADEE members. Data on curriculum approaches, teaching methods, integration of topics of interest, clinical education, staff-student ratios, access to facilities and new technologies, teaching staff (faculty) and quality assurance processes are presented for Primary Dental Degree Programmes. CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge, this series of papers are the first attempts to provide a comprehensive overview of OHP education in Europe. Results showed that the majority of European dental programmes are engaged in providing innovative and scientifically grounded education in order to develop quality future OHPs. Nevertheless, significant variability in the delivery of clinical education across the European OHP schools was notable in this dataset. A comprehensive view of the state of OHP education in Europe is not yet available but the O-Health-Edu data hub provides a means for all education providers in Europe to contribute data to reach this goal. It is anticipated that the data hub will be updated and built upon over time to continually establish a clearer picture of the state of OHP education in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maria van Harten
- Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Association for Dental Education in Europe, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Denis Murphy
- Association for Dental Education in Europe, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Barry Quinn
- Association for Dental Education in Europe, Dublin, Ireland
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Marzbanrad A, Niaghi F, Tiwana S, Siddiqi J, Ding J, Tanvir I, Khosa F. Advancing Diversity in Microbiology: A 55-Year Retrospective Analysis. Cureus 2024; 16:e52528. [PMID: 38371065 PMCID: PMC10874303 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.52528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background For over 50 years, affirmative action helped advance equity, diversity and inclusion (EDI) in educational institutions in the United States (U.S.). However, the recent U.S. Supreme Court decision to end affirmative action in college admissions threatens the progress toward EDI. Objective This study aimed to assess the progress in promoting gender and racial diversity within the discipline of microbiology over a 55-year period. We sought to analyze the representation of women and minority groups in faculty ranks, tenure positions, and leadership to identify disparities and trends and determine who will likely be impacted most with the end of affirmative action. Materials and methods This longitudinal retrospective study utilized publicly available and non-identifiable Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) data on full-time microbiology faculty from 1967 to 2021. Faculty members were categorized based on academic ranks and tenure status, while gender and racial data were also considered. Results The analysis revealed a consistent dominance of white faculty, with over 60% representation across all academic ranks throughout the study period. The Asian and female faculty representation decreased in senior academic ranks. We observed a positive trend in the annual increase of women in faculty positions, academic ranks, chairs, and tenure positions. Furthermore, Asian faculty demonstrated the most robust surge in representation. However, disparities persisted for black, Hispanic, and Native American faculty members, reflecting broader challenges in their representation. Discussion Although efforts to enhance diversity within microbiology have yielded positive results, underrepresented minority groups still face obstacles in attaining leadership positions and senior academic ranks. The diminishing proportion of women at higher academic ranks raises concerns about potential attrition or lack of promotion opportunities. The end of affirmative action poses a risk of perpetuating this trend, leading to a decline in diversity among microbiology faculty.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Farhad Niaghi
- Emergency Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, CAN
| | - Sabeen Tiwana
- Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, CAN
| | - Javed Siddiqi
- Neurosurgery, Desert Regional Medical Center, Palm Springs, USA
- Neurosurgery, Riverside University Health System Medical Center, Moreno Valley, USA
- Neurosurgery, Arrowhead Regional Medical Center, Colton, USA
- Neurosurgery, California University of Science and Medicine, Colton, USA
| | - Jeffrey Ding
- Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, CAN
| | - Imrana Tanvir
- Pathology, King Abdulaziz University Faculty of Medicine, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Faisal Khosa
- Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, CAN
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