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Venugopal D, B R, K P, A M, A G, S J, Ky R, S A. Occupational Injuries and Health Status Among Rural Tribal Non-Traditional Fishing Communities in the Coastal Region of Tamil Nadu, India. J Agromedicine 2024; 29:344-354. [PMID: 38214268 DOI: 10.1080/1059924x.2024.2304197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study evaluated the occupational injuries and health hazards associated with fishing as an occupation among non-traditional rural tribal fishing communities in the coastal region of Tamil Nadu, India. METHODS This cross-sectional study included a total of 170 individuals belonging to a fishing community, comprising both male (n = 82) and female (n = 88) participants. The demographic details including occupational history, lifestyle characteristics, socio-economic status, personal habits, and health status were assessed through the questionnaire survey. RESULTS The fishing community has a low socioeconomic status and poor literacy, lifestyle, and personal habits. The mean age of the participants was 38.8 yrs (male 34.8; female 39.9 yrs). Only 10% reported usage of personal protective equipment (PPE), and the work duration varied from 8 to 24 hrs in a day. While male subjects reported smoking habits (12%) and alcohol consumption (23%), none of the females reported alcohol consumption and smoking habits. The major occupational injuries that occurred were due to catfish (72%) and oysters (48%). A large number of female subjects reported musculoskeletal pains. The body mass index of about 28% of fishermen was above the normal range. Abnormal blood sugar, blood pressure, and respiratory and neurological symptoms were the other major health complaints. The major environmental hazards reported were salinity, solar radiation, tides, and high wind. CONCLUSION Injuries from handling fish and oysters were observed to be the major occupational burden. Additonally, a high prevalence of musculoskeletal pain and chronic health illness was commonly observed among the fishers. Adequate training and awareness programs are required for effective management of occupational health hazards and health promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhananjayan Venugopal
- Industrial Hygiene & Toxicology division, ICMR-Regional Occupational Health Centre (Southern), NIOH, Devanahalli, Bangalore, India
| | - Ravichandran B
- Industrial Hygiene & Toxicology division, ICMR-Regional Occupational Health Centre (Southern), NIOH, Devanahalli, Bangalore, India
| | - Panjakumar K
- Industrial Hygiene & Toxicology division, ICMR-Regional Occupational Health Centre (Southern), NIOH, Devanahalli, Bangalore, India
| | - Mala A
- Industrial Hygiene & Toxicology division, ICMR-Regional Occupational Health Centre (Southern), NIOH, Devanahalli, Bangalore, India
| | - Gopalakrishnan A
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jayaraman S
- Department of Community Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College & Research Institute, Puducherry, India
| | - Rajeev Ky
- Industrial Hygiene & Toxicology division, ICMR-Regional Occupational Health Centre (Southern), NIOH, Devanahalli, Bangalore, India
| | - Arun S
- Department of Community Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College & Research Institute, Puducherry, India
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Angu Bala Ganesh KSV, Soman S, Reginald SR, Yamunadevi A, Yadav OP. Ultrastructural Changes of Synapses in the Hippocampus of Sprague Dawley Rat Brain following Exposure to Naphthalene Balls. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2024; 16:S1522-S1525. [PMID: 38882886 PMCID: PMC11174248 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_1184_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The synaptic contacts play an important role in central nervous system (CNS) functioning. Ultrastructural features of synapses in CNS are not studied in naphthalene neurotoxicity model. Materials and Methodology In the present work, transmission electron microscopy was used for studying the ultrastructural features of synapses in the hippocampus of Sprague Dawley rat brain, on subsequent exposure to naphthalene balls. The ultrastructural changes were observed for naphthalene low dose (200 mg), high dose (400 mg) after the treatment for 28 days, and post-delayed toxicity phase after 14 days in Sprague Dawley rats. Results In comparison with different groups of naphthalene exposure including control and satellite, axon degeneration, axonal demyelination and abnormal synapses was observed in high dose naphthalene administration group. In the post-delayed naphthalene toxicity group, degeneration of synaptic contacts was observed. Conclusions This exploration of ultrastructural variations in the synapses of Hippocampus gives information that will be valued in naphthalene neurotoxicological research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sharath Soman
- Department of Pathology, Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Medical College and Hospital, Perambalur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sharon Roshin Reginald
- Department of Pathology, Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Medical College and Hospital, Perambalur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Andamuthu Yamunadevi
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Nandha Dental College and Hospital, Erode, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Omnath P Yadav
- Department of Physiology, CU Shah Medical College, Surendranagar, Gujarat, India
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Anand V, Venkatesan DK, T P, Naseem M, Rathia SK. Methemoglobinemia Secondary to a Traditional Healing Practice Using Mothballs: A Need of Pediatric Vigilance. Cureus 2023; 15:e41192. [PMID: 37525810 PMCID: PMC10387263 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.41192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute-onset unexplained hypoxemia persisting despite 100% oxygen has a limited differential diagnosis but poses a challenging diagnostic dilemma. Methemoglobinemia, a hemolytic condition, may lead to significant complications if it goes undiagnosed during the critical golden hour of an emergency department (ED) presentation. This case report presents the clinical details of a 30-month-old child with acute intravascular hemolysis evident by severe pallor and hemoglobinuria and severe hypoxia documented on pulse oximetry. During the ABCDE (Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability, Exposure) of the primary survey, "exposure" revealed the parent's deliberate fastening of a mothball around the waist of the baby on the advice of a traditional healer, which was identified as the source of naphthalene toxicity. The swift intervention was undertaken for hypoxic respiratory compromise with 100% oxygen just after triage, and the naphthalene ball with the tied cloth was removed. Arterial blood gas and co-oximetry analysis confirmed the diagnosis of methemoglobinemia, and other laboratory tests suggested severe hemolytic anaemia as well as hemoglobinuria favouring intravascular hemolysis. With the exclusion of other common differentials for hemolytic anaemia, including sickle cell crisis, autoimmune hemolytic anaemia, hemolytic uremic syndrome, and G6PD deficiency, naphthalene exposure was considered the culprit for both hemolysis and methemoglobinemia. After obtaining the history of another similar episode of anaemia six months ago requiring blood transfusion, we retrospected on similar mothball exposure, but parents denied that, saying they were using the mothball only for the last 10 days on the advice of a local healer with intent to get rid of some evil power and sickness in their child. After analyzing the old records of prior hospitalization and getting assured of a normal report of G6PD level, intravenous methylene blue was administered. But in view of an inadequate response, a single blood volume exchange transfusion was performed during the ED stay only, which resulted in a notable reduction in subsequent methemoglobin levels and an improvement of the child's clinical condition by the second day. The child was discharged by the third day with no distress and no further episodes of hemoglobinuria, with detailed parental counselling and follow-up advice. This case underscores the imperative need for timely recognition and effective management of methemoglobinemia in the paediatric population while emphasizing the potential hazards associated with naphthalene exposure. Further comprehensive investigations are warranted to elucidate optimal treatment strategies and explore long-term outcomes in similar clinical scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Anand
- Trauma and Emergency/Pediatric Emergency Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Raipur, Raipur, IND
| | - Dilip K Venkatesan
- Pediatric Emergency Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Raipur, Raipur, IND
| | - Pugazhenthan T
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Raipur, Raipur, IND
| | - Md Naseem
- Pediatric Emergency Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Raipur, Raipur, IND
| | - Santosh K Rathia
- Trauma and Emergency/Pediatric Emergency Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Raipur, Raipur, IND
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Irshad R, Asim S, Mansha A, Arooj Y. Naphthalene and its Derivatives: Efficient Fluorescence Probes for Detecting and Imaging Purposes. J Fluoresc 2023:10.1007/s10895-023-03153-y. [PMID: 36735102 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-023-03153-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Naphthalene, white crystalline solid having polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with characteristic mothball order is naturally present in crucial oils of various plants. Naphthalene derivatives are extensive drug resources and are use as wetting agents, surfactants and as insecticides. These derivatives exhibit unique photo physical and chemical properties. These characteristics make them the most studied group of organic compounds. Naphthalene dyes have rigid plane and large π-electron conjugation. Therefor they have high quantum yield and excellent photostability. Naphthalene based fluorescence probes due to hydrophobic nature exhibit excellent sensing and selectivity properties towards anions and cations and also used as a part of target biomolecules. In conjugated probe system, introducing naphthalene moiety caused improvement in photo-stability. Therefore among various conjugated framework, naphthalene derivatives are considered excellent candidate for the construction of organic electronic appliances. These derivatives are useful for a variety of applications owing to their strong fluorescence, electroactivity and photostability. This article is based upon investigation of photophysical properties of naphthalene derivatives and fluorescence detecting probe of naphthalene. For photophysical properties the techniques under investigation are UV visible spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy. Concentration dependent spectra and solvatochromic shifts on UV visible spectra are also part of discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruqaya Irshad
- Department of Physics, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Asim
- Department of Chemistry, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Asim Mansha
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Yusra Arooj
- Department of Physics, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Wimalasiri I, Suraweera C. All in a scent - naphthalene dependence confined to pregnancy: a case report. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:723. [PMID: 36403047 PMCID: PMC9675229 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-04369-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhalant or volatile substance use is a health issue with significant medical and psychiatric sequelae. Inhalants or volatile substances are volatile organic substances found in domestic and commercial products which are inhaled to obtain pleasurable effects. They are easily accessible, cheap, and legal. Common inhalants are spray, paints, glue and shoe polish whilst naphthalene or 'mothball' abuse is reported less commonly. We report a case of a 29-year-old female who inhaled and ingested naphthalene during her pregnancy. This case report is unique because the dependence on naphthalene was confined to pregnancy and resolved as soon as she delivered. This brings up the question whether pregnancy in general increases the risk of substance dependence in vulnerable populations or whether the dependence in this patient during pregnancy is due to individual factors. CASE PRESENTATION The patient we report is a 29-year-old female who developed a strong desire to inhale mothballs during her third pregnancy. The pattern of use started in the first trimester meeting the criteria for dependence syndrome and resolved completely by the second day following delivery. She had features suggestive of harmful use in her second pregnancy as well. CONCLUSIONS The case report emphasizes that pregnant women should be screened for psychoactive substance use. Equally important is the need for adequate psychoeducation about the myths and cultural beliefs associated with pregnancy-related cravings and the potentially devastating consequences of harmful cravings on the neonate and the mother. The case highlights how chemicals used in day-to-day activities can lead to dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isuri Wimalasiri
- grid.415398.20000 0004 0556 2133University Psychiatry Unit, National Hospital of Sri Lanka, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Chathurie Suraweera
- University Psychiatry Unit, National Hospital of Sri Lanka, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
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Scruggs M, Piccone C, Citla Sridhar D. Fever, Emesis, and Hypoxia: A Rare Exposure in a Toddler. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2022; 61:507-509. [PMID: 35442115 DOI: 10.1177/00099228221085071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Megan Scruggs
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Connie Piccone
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Divyaswathi Citla Sridhar
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, AR, USA
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Thangatorai R. Naphthalene-Induced Acute Oxidative Hemolysis With Methemoglobinemia in Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) Deficiency. Cureus 2022; 14:e23496. [PMID: 35494903 PMCID: PMC9035485 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.23496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Naphthalene-induced acute hemolysis with methemoglobinemia is a rare condition that commonly affects patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency. It commonly presents with anemia, jaundice and features of methemoglobinemia such as cyanosis and falsely low pulse oximetry. We present a patient with naphthalene-induced methemoglobinemia and discuss the clinical features, pathophysiology and management of this oxidative hemolysis. Additionally, we discuss the possibility of false-positive d-dimer and false-negative G6PD screening during acute hemolysis.
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Lee HY, Ithnin A, Azma RZ, Othman A, Salvador A, Cheah FC. Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency and Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia: Insights on Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Gene Variants in Disease Heterogeneity. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:875877. [PMID: 35685917 PMCID: PMC9170901 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.875877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is a prevalent condition worldwide and is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the G6PD gene. Individuals with deficiency are more susceptible to oxidative stress which leads to the classical, acute hemolytic anemia (favism). However, G6PD deficiency in newborn infants presents with an increased risk of hyperbilirubinemia, that may rapidly escalate to result in bilirubin induced neurologic dysfunction (BIND). Often with no overt signs of hemolysis, G6PD deficiency in the neonatal period appears to be different in the pathophysiology from favism. This review discusses and compares the mechanistic pathways involved in these two clinical presentations of this enzyme disorder. In contrast to the membrane disruption of red blood cells and Heinz bodies formation in favism, G6PD deficiency causing jaundice is perhaps attributed to the disruption of oxidant-antioxidant balance, impaired recycling of peroxiredoxin 2, thus affecting bilirubin clearance. Screening for G6PD deficiency and close monitoring of affected infants are important aspects in neonatal care to prevent kernicterus, a permanent and devastating neurological damage. WHO recommends screening for G6PD activity of all infants in countries with high prevalence of this deficiency. The traditional fluorescent spot test as a screening tool, although low in cost, misses a significant proportion of cases with moderate deficiency or the partially deficient, heterozygote females. Some newer and emerging laboratory tests and diagnostic methods will be discussed while developments in genomics and proteomics contribute to increasing studies that spatially profile genetic mutations within the protein structure that could predict their functional and structural effects. In this review, several known variants of G6PD are highlighted based on the location of the mutation and amino acid replacement. These could provide insights on why some variants may cause a higher degree of phenotypic severity compared to others. Further studies are needed to elucidate the predisposition of some variants toward certain clinical manifestations, particularly neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, and how some variants increase in severity when co-inherited with other blood- or bilirubin-related genetic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Yang Lee
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras, Malaysia
| | - Azlin Ithnin
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras, Malaysia
| | - Raja Zahratul Azma
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras, Malaysia
| | - Ainoon Othman
- Department of Medical Science II, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Nilai, Malaysia
| | - Armindo Salvador
- CNC-Centre for Neuroscience Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Coimbra Chemistry Centre-Institute of Molecular Sciences (CQC-IMS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Fook Choe Cheah
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras, Malaysia
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Kuwada G, Murakami A, Glaser DW, Ingraham SE, Purohit PJ. Mothball Ingestion in the Setting of G6PD Deficiency Causing Severe Hemolytic Anemia, Methemoglobinemia, and Multiple Organ Failure in a Toddler. HAWAI'I JOURNAL OF HEALTH & SOCIAL WELFARE 2022; 81:3-5. [PMID: 35028588 PMCID: PMC8742304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mothballs containing naphthalene or paradichlorobenzene are known to cause hemolysis and methemoglobinemia. They can also affect the other organs, including the kidneys, liver, lungs, and skeletal muscles. The involvement of 1 or 2 organs at a time has been commonly reported. However, more than 2 organ dysfunction in mothball intoxication is rare and usually indicates severe illness. The intoxication can have more pronounced symptoms in children with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency. We report this case of a previously healthy 13-month-old patient who presented with severe hemolysis, lactic acidosis, methemoglobinemia, acute renal failure, hepatic dysfunction, and rhabdomyolysis. He required aggressive fluid resuscitation, blood transfusions, and mechanical ventilation. The underlying etiology of his illness was initially unclear; however, upon repeated questioning, the father recalled the patient chewing on a mothball 3-4 days before admission. Hence, mothball intoxication was considered the most plausible clinical diagnosis in this patient. He was given N-acetylcysteine, instead of methylene blue, because of hepatic dysfunction and the fact that G6PD deficiency could not be ruled out in the presence of acute hemolysis. The patient made a full recovery after 2 weeks of intensive care unit management. G6PD testing after 3 months confirmed the deficiency. These mothballs are available in Hawai'i, but this is the first report of such a severe presentation to our knowledge. The presence of methemoglobinemia, severe hemolysis, and thorough history-taking helped us determine the diagnosis of mothball intoxication and enabled definitive treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett Kuwada
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i, Honolulu, HI (GK, AM)
| | - Aiko Murakami
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i, Honolulu, HI (GK, AM)
| | - Darryl W. Glaser
- Department of Pediatrics, Kapi‘olani Medical Center for Women and Children, Honolulu, HI (DWG, SEI, PJP)
| | - Susan E. Ingraham
- Department of Pediatrics, Kapi‘olani Medical Center for Women and Children, Honolulu, HI (DWG, SEI, PJP)
| | - Prashant J. Purohit
- Department of Pediatrics, Kapi‘olani Medical Center for Women and Children, Honolulu, HI (DWG, SEI, PJP)
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Sahu KK, Siddiqui AD, George SV. Methemoglobinemia Secondary to Herbal Products. SAUDI JOURNAL OF MEDICINE & MEDICAL SCIENCES 2020; 8:160-161. [PMID: 32587500 PMCID: PMC7305684 DOI: 10.4103/sjmms.sjmms_42_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Kant Sahu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Vincent Hospital, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | - Susan V. George
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Vincent Hospital, Worcester, MA, USA
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Hemolytic Crisis following Naphthalene Mothball Ingestion in a 21-Month-Old Patient with Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) Deficiency. Case Rep Pediatr 2019; 2019:1092575. [PMID: 31321110 PMCID: PMC6607730 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1092575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Naphthalene is an aromatic hydrocarbon that may be found in mothballs and deodorizers. Exposure can occur by ingestion or dermal absorption. We present a case of acute hemolysis requiring blood transfusion in a 21-month-old male with a history of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency after ingestion of a naphthalene-containing mothball. CASE PRESENTATION A 21-month-old male with G6PD deficiency presented to the emergency department three hours following an exploratory ingestion of a naphthalene-containing mothball. On arrival, the patient was tachycardic with normal blood pressure, temperature, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation. Initial laboratory studies showed significant anemia with elevated reticulocyte count, blood urea nitrogen, total bilirubin, and lactate dehydrogenase. Haptoglobin level was low, and the methemoglobin level was unremarkable. The patient was admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit and underwent blood transfusion. DISCUSSION This case serves as a reminder that mothballs, a ubiquitous household item, can be hazardous when accessible to vulnerable children. Care should be taken to secure these products and prevent ingestion.
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