Characterization of Cornulin as a Molecular Biomarker for the Progression of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Cornulin as a Prognosticator for Lymph Node Involvement in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Background Cornulin is an epidermal differentiation marker and a stress-related protein. Its expression patterns are likely to reflect the multi-step tumorigenesis process of cSCC, given its role as a tumor suppressor. The aim of this study is to evaluate the utility of Cornulin as a prognosticator for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). Specifically, the correlation between Cornulin expression and the clinicopathological parameter of lymph node involvement (nodal status), which plays a major role in determining cSCC prognosis and recurrence. We predicted that Cornulin expression declines as cSCC tumors metastasize to regional lymph nodes. Methodology Tissue samples of cSCC lesions of variable nodal involvement status were stained using immunohistochemistry, and high-resolution images were acquired. Aperio ImageScope software (Leica Biosystems) equipped with a positive-pixel-counting algorithm was used to quantify the staining intensity. Subsequently, Cornulin immunoreactivity was calculated as a Histo-score (H-score) value, which is based on the staining intensity and the percentage of positively stained cells. Mean H-scores were compared between groups using an unpaired t-test. Results A significant inverse correlation was found between Cornulin expression levels and metastasis to the lymph nodes. Specifically, primary tumors with metastasis to regional lymph nodes (N1) exhibited 9.5-fold decrease in Cornulin immunoreactivity compared to the primary tumor samples without lymph node involvement (N0). Conclusion Cornulin was found to be significantly downregulated in primary tumors with lymph node metastases. Detection assays to measure Cornulin expression in cSCC primary tumors might aid in determining the nodal status in these patients and possibly help determine cases of occult lymph node metastasis or micrometastasis. Future clinical studies are needed to help establish Cornulin's role in enhancing the predictive power of histopathological examination and improving survival rates for patients suffering from this type of skin cancer.