The Physiology of Cognition in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Current and Future Challenges

Multimodal Physiotherapy Approach for Autism With Speech Impairment and Attention Deficit: A Case Report

Autism is a disorder distinguished by significant challenges in social interaction and communication coupled with repetitive and stereotypical patterns of behavior and activities. Deficits in social interaction and language development become apparent before age three. In children, this condition is referred to as autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Individuals with ADHD may struggle with sustaining attention, organizing tasks, and completing assignments. They may exhibit hyperactive behaviors such as fidgeting, difficulty staying seated, and impulsive actions like interrupting others. ADHD can significantly impact daily functioning and is often diagnosed in childhood, with symptoms potentially persisting into adulthood. The disorder has three main subtypes: predominantly inattentive, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive, and combined presentation. Treatment typically involves a combination of behavioral interventions, psychoeducation, and, in some cases, medication, aiming to provide support and strategies for individuals to manage their symptoms effectively in various aspects of life. Cognitive impairment in ASD varies, meaning it could be at the sensory perception level of cognitive processing, learning, and memory. The goal of the training intervention was to control physiological arousal, enhance awareness, keep annoyance from getting worse, and encourage self-regulation abilities. In this case report, we discuss the approach of multimodal physiotherapy for autism with speech impairment and attention deficit. Furthermore, physiotherapy needs to find a position in the new mental health care paradigm in order to contribute to mental health care.