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Looi MC, Idris Z, Kumaran T, Thyagarajan D, Abdullah JM, Ghani ARI, Ismail MI. A Study of 309 Patients and at One Year Follow-Up for Depression after Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2023; 40:94-101. [PMID: 36017631 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2022.0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one the major causes of death and morbidity in developing countries, where depression is a common psychiatric condition among individuals with TBI. The objectives were to investigate the occurrence and severity of depression one-year post-TBI; the association between radiological findings and depression; and the risk factors. We report a cross-sectional study among adult patients who were hospitalized because of TBI in the past one year. A structured data collection form was used to collect patients' demographic data during TBI, while the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-9 questionnaire was administered to assess the level of depression at one-year post-TBI. Of the 309 patients in this study; 46.6%, 26.2%, and 27.2% had mild, moderate, and severe TBI, respectively. The overall rate of depression was 33.7%, where 22.3%, 8.7%, and 2.6% had mild, moderate, and moderately severe depression, respectively. There was a significant, positive correlation between severity of TBI and level of depression; rs (0.427), p < 0.0001. The risk factors for depression at one-year post-TBI are moderate-severe TBI (odds ratio [OR]: 3.75, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.03-6.90, p < 0.00), being unmarried (OR: 2.67, 95% CI 1.51-4.72, p = 0.001), female gender (OR: 2.62, 95% CI 1.25-5.46, p = 0.011), alcohol consumption (OR: 2.38, 95% CI 1.12-5.06, p = 0.024) and frontal lobe injury (OR: 1.96, 95% CI 1.05-3.68, p = 0.035). Increasing severity of TBI is associated with worsening levels of depression. Patients with frontal lobe injury have the highest risk of depression, while diffuse injury is associated with occurrence of moderate and moderately severe depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mun Choon Looi
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia.,Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Ministry of Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zamzuri Idris
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Thinesh Kumaran
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Ministry of Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Jafri Malin Abdullah
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Rahman Izaini Ghani
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Ihfaz Ismail
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Krueger EM, DiGiorgio AM, Jagid J, Cordeiro JG, Farhat H. Current Trends in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Cureus 2021; 13:e18434. [PMID: 34737902 PMCID: PMC8559421 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.18434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we provide an overview of the current research and treatment of all types of traumatic brain injury (TBI) before illustrating the need for improved care specific to mild TBI patients. Contemporary issues pertaining to acute care of mild TBI including prognostication, neurosurgical intervention, repeat radiographic imaging, reversal of antiplatelet and anticoagulation medications, and cost savings initiatives are reviewed. Lastly, the effect of COVID-19 on TBI is addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan M Krueger
- Neurological Surgery, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, USA
| | - Anthony M DiGiorgio
- Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Jonathan Jagid
- Neurological Surgery, University of Miami, Coral Gables, USA
| | | | - Hamad Farhat
- Neurological Surgery, Advocate Aurora Health Care, Downers Grove, USA
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