Secondary Plasma Cell Leukemia: A Case Report

Prostate cancer, chronic myelogenous leukemia and multiple myeloma in a single patient: a case report and review of the literature

BACKGROUND

Synchronous or metachronous multiple primary malignancies (MPMs) are a known phenomenon. These occurrences may be spontaneous or related to environmental risk factors or genetic predisposition. Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and Multiple myeloma (MM) are two uncommon hematologic malignancies, arises from two different cell lineage. The coexistence of CML and MM that is a rare phenomenon, with only 29 cases reported in the literature. To the best of our, this combination of triple primary cancers has not been reported in a single patient.

CASE PRESENTATION

Herein, we reported a case of an 85-year-old Iranian male with three confirmed primary malignant neoplasms. The patient presented with synchronous prostate cancer and CML, in august 2016. He received imatinib and nilotinib for CML and hormonal therapy for prostate cancer. He remained in good control at further follow-ups for about 5 years. In the follow-up period and after 61 months treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), CML was undetectable in molecular tests, but the presence of serum M-protein, abnormal plasma cells in the bone marrow, and CRAB criteria was compatible with MM.

CONCLUSION

We must evaluate the possibility of multiple primary cancers during cancer treatment and follow-up and it may be worthwhile to monitor serum electrophoresis and protein levels in TKIs-treated patients.

LncRNAs LY86-AS1 and VIM-AS1 Distinguish Plasma Cell Leukemia Patients from Multiple Myeloma Patients

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are functional RNAs longer than 200 nucleotides. Due to modern genomic techniques, the involvement of lncRNAs in tumorigenesis has been revealed; however, information concerning lncRNA interplay in multiple myeloma (MM) and plasma cell leukemia (PCL) is virtually absent. Herein, we aimed to identify the lncRNAs involved in MM to PCL progression. We investigated representative datasets of MM and PCL patients using next-generation sequencing. In total, 13 deregulated lncRNAs (p < 0.00025) were identified; four of them were chosen for further validation in an independent set of MM and PCL patients by RT-qPCR. The obtained results proved the significant downregulation of lymphocyte antigen antisense RNA 1 (LY86-AS1) and VIM antisense RNA 1 (VIM-AS1) in PCL compared to MM. Importantly, these two lncRNAs could be involved in the progression of MM into PCL; thus, they could serve as promising novel biomarkers of MM progression.