Future Challenges of Robotics and Artificial Intelligence in Nursing: What Can We Learn from Monsters in Popular Culture?

Perspectives on Artificial Intelligence in Nursing in Asia

Artificial intelligence (AI) is reshaping health care, including nursing, across Asia, presenting opportunities to improve patient care and outcomes. This viewpoint presents our perspective and interpretation of the current AI landscape, acknowledging its evolution driven by enhanced processing capabilities, extensive data sets, and refined algorithms. Notable applications in countries such as Singapore, South Korea, Japan, and China showcase the integration of AI-powered technologies such as chatbots, virtual assistants, data mining, and automated risk assessment systems. This paper further explores the transformative impact of AI on nursing education, emphasizing personalized learning, adaptive approaches, and AI-enriched simulation tools, and discusses the opportunities and challenges of these developments. We argue for the harmonious coexistence of traditional nursing values with AI innovations, marking a significant stride toward a promising health care future in Asia.

Ethical considerations for artificial intelligence use in nursing informatics

Artificial intelligence revolutionizes nursing informatics and healthcare by enhancing patient outcomes and healthcare access while streamlining nursing workflow. These advancements, while promising, have sparked debates on traditional nursing ethics like patient data handling and implicit bias. The key to unlocking the next frontier in holistic nursing care lies in nurses navigating the delicate balance between artificial intelligence and the core values of empathy and compassion. Mindful utilization of artificial intelligence coupled with an unwavering ethical commitment by nurses may transform the very essence of nursing.

Can artificial intelligence and robotic nurses replace operating room nurses? The quasi-experimental research

Operating room nurses, who have an important place in the professional healthcare team, should be able to use technology effectively and adapt to innovations. This study is expected to shed light on how effective the development of robotic technologies and artificial intelligence and their integration into operating room nursing will be in fulfilling the requirements of contemporary nursing philosophy. This study was designed as a single group pre- and post-test quasi-experimental study. The quasi-experimental (pretest-posttest) research design was utilized to conduct the study in a Training and Research Hospital in Western Turkey. The nurses (n = 35) working in the operating room of the aforementioned hospital were included in the study. In this study, we aimed to determine whether operating room nurses experienced anxiety due to the use of artificial intelligence and robotic nurses, and the effectiveness of the training given to them in order to raise their awareness. The following three tools were used for data collection: The Nurses' Descriptive Characteristics Form, Artificial Intelligence Knowledge Questionnaire, and Artificial Intelligence Anxiety Scale. Data extraction and analysis were performed in a narrative and tabular way. According to this study, the training given to the operating room nurses significantly increased their knowledge levels about artificial intelligence and robotic nurses, and increased their artificial intelligence- and robotic nurse-related anxiety significantly (p < 0.05). The participating operating room nurses experienced limitations regarding current information, training programs and learning opportunities on robotic surgery. We recommend that the operating room nurses should be provided with trainings on artificial intelligence technologies and robotic nurses, and that they should be enabled to use these information technologies regarding future technologies actively.

Nursing students' intent to use AI-based healthcare technology: Path analysis using the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology

BACKGROUND

Marked advances in artificial intelligence (AI)-based technologies throughout industries, including healthcare, necessitate a broader understanding their use. Particularly, intent to use AI-based healthcare technologies and its predictors among nursing students, who are prospective healthcare professionals, is required to promote the utilization of AI.

OBJECTIVE

This study conducted a path analysis to predict nursing students' intent to use AI-based healthcare technologies based on the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology.

DESIGN

A cross-sectional survey was performed.

PARTICIPANTS

The participants were 210 nursing students from two nursing schools in Korea.

METHODS

This study established hypothetical paths for the influence of performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, facilitating conditions, self-efficacy, and anxiety on intent to use AI-based technologies. Mediation of positive and negative attitudes and facilitating conditions' direct effects on intent to use were examined.

RESULTS

Positive attitude toward AI (β = 0.485, p = .009) and facilitating conditions (β = 0.117, p = .045) predicted intent to use, whereas the path from negative attitude to intent to use was not significant. Performance expectancy, self-efficacy, and effort expectancy predicted positive attitude. Performance expectancy and self-efficacy had a negative effect on the path to negative attitude, whereas anxiety had a positive effect. Facilitating conditions did not significantly predict positive or negative attitude and only directly predicted intent to use. Social influence did not have a significant effect on intent to use.

CONCLUSIONS

Intervention programs and other measures should be developed to provide education and information to boost performance expectancy, effort expectancy, facilitating conditions, and self-efficacy regarding the use of AI to lower anxiety and foster positive attitude toward AI-based health technologies.

Cuidado e inteligencia artificial: una reflexión necesaria

La enfermería no es ajena al cambio revolucionario que supone la introducción de la inteligencia artificial en el cuidado de la salud. A principios de 2021 se publicaron las conclusiones del think-tank internacional sobre la inteligencia artificial y la enfermería, en las que se reconoce la relevancia del uso de dichas tecnologías para aumentar y extender las capacidades de esta disciplina, entre ellas, el cuidado. Una valoración ponderada acerca del acierto de estas conclusiones exige, necesariamente, una reflexión epistemológica sobre el cuidado. En el presente artículo reflexionaremos sobre la incidencia de la inteligencia artificial en el cuidado de enfermería desde la perspectiva de la ética del cuidado y a la luz de los principales aportes del Samaritanus Bonus.

Users' ambivalent sense of security with humanoid robots in healthcare

Humanoid robots have already been shown to be useful in healthcare. To ensure successful interactions with humanoid robots, is it essential that the factors that influence users' sense of security be understood. Ensuring patients' sense of security is considered a key principle of good caring. The aim of this study was to illuminate users' sense of security with humanoid robots in healthcare. Twelve semi-structured interviews were conducted. The participants consisted of five women and seven men aged 24-77. Before being interviewed, the participants were shown a video vignette with Pepper, a fully developed humanoid robot, used in the daily care of patients. The data material was analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Most participants perceived the use of humanoid robots in healthcare to be both positive and negative. The overarching theme was: Ambivalent sense of security with humanoid robots in healthcare. The four categories revealed were: Humanoid robots are both reliable and unreliable, Humanoid robots are both safe and unsafe, Humanoid robots are both likable and scary, and Humanoid robots are both caring and uncaring. Here we increased knowledge of whether patients perceive a sense of security with humanoid robots in healthcare, including which fears users have. This is vital information that should be taken into consideration when further developing and introducing humanoid robots into the healthcare setting.

A Concept Analysis on the Use of Artificial Intelligence in Nursing

Artificial intelligence (AI) has a considerable present and future influence on healthcare. Nurses, representing the largest proportion of healthcare workers, are set to immensely benefit from this technology. However, the overall adoption of new technologies by nurses is quite slow, and the use of AI in nursing is considered to be in its infancy. The current literature on AI in nursing lacks conceptual clarity and consensus, which is affecting clinical practice, research activities, and theory development. Therefore, to set the foundations for nursing AI knowledge development, the purpose of this concept analysis is to clarify the conceptual components of AI in nursing and to determine its conceptual maturity. A concept analysis following Morse's approach was conducted, which examined definitions, characteristics, preconditions, outcomes, and boundaries on the state of AI in nursing. A total of 18 quantitative, qualitative, mixed-methods, and reviews related to AI in nursing were retrieved from the CINAHL and EMBASE databases using a Boolean search. Presently, the concept of AI in nursing is immature. The characteristics and preconditions of the use of AI in nursing are mixed between and within each other. The preconditions and outcomes on the use of AI in nursing are diverse and indiscriminately reported. As for boundaries, they can be more distinguished between robots, sensors, and clinical decision support systems, but these lines can become more blurred in the future. As of 2021, the use of AI in nursing holds much promise for the profession, but conceptual and theoretical issues remain.

Exploring healthcare professionals' understanding and experiences of artificial intelligence technology use in the delivery of healthcare: An integrative review

BACKGROUND

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into our digital healthcare system is seen as a significant strategy to contain Australia's rising healthcare costs, support clinical decision making, manage chronic disease burden and support our ageing population. With the increasing roll-out of 'digital hospitals', electronic medical records, new data capture and analysis technologies, as well as a digitally enabled health consumer, the Australian healthcare workforce is required to become digitally literate to manage the significant changes in the healthcare landscape. To ensure that new innovations such as AI are inclusive of clinicians, an understanding of how the technology will impact the healthcare professions is imperative.

METHOD

In order to explore the complex phenomenon of healthcare professionals' understanding and experiences of AI use in the delivery of healthcare, an integrative review inclusive of quantitative and qualitative studies was undertaken in June 2018.

RESULTS

One study met all inclusion criteria. This study was an observational study which used a questionnaire to measure healthcare professional's intrinsic motivation in adoption behaviour when using an artificially intelligent medical diagnosis support system (AIMDSS).

DISCUSSION

The study found that healthcare professionals were less likely to use AI in the delivery of healthcare if they did not trust the technology or understand how it was used to improve patient outcomes or the delivery of care which is specific to the healthcare setting. The perception that AI would replace them in the healthcare setting was not evident. This may be due to the fact that AI is not yet at the forefront of technology use in healthcare setting. More research is needed to examine the experiences and perceptions of healthcare professionals using AI in the delivery of healthcare.

Framing the Development of Humanoid Healthcare Robots in Caring Science

The purpose of this article is to frame the development of humanoid healthcare robots (HHRs) within Caring Science. Efforts to introduce robot technologies in nursing practice and to use them in elderly and high-tech healthcare environments have begun in developed countries. HHRs can be used to assist nurses with tasks or to perform care-related tasks independently. HHRs need to be programmed to demonstrate respectful, compassionate, and person-centered care. In this article we suggest Caring Science-informed approaches based on five philosophies/theories that can be used in programming the responses and communication patterns of HHRs.

Can nurses remain relevant in a technologically advanced future?

Technological breakthroughs occur at an ever-increasing rate thereby revolutionizing human health and wellness care. Technological advancements have drastically changed the structure and organization of the healthcare industry. McKinsey Global Institute estimates that 800 million workers worldwide could be replaced by robots by the year 2030. There is already a robotic revolution happening in healthcare wherein robots have made tasks and procedures more efficient and safer. Locsin and Ito has addressed the threat to nursing practice with human nurses being replaced by humanoid robots. Routine nursing care dictated solely by prescribed procedures and accomplishment of nursing tasks would be best performed by machines. With the future practice of nursing in a technologically advanced future transcending the implementation of nursing actions to achieve predictable outcomes, how can human nurses remain relevant as practitioners of nursing? Nurses should be involved in deciding which aspects of their practice can be delegated to technology. Nurses should oversee the introduction of automated technology and artificial intelligence ensuring their practice to be more about the universal aspects of human care continuing under a novel system. Nursing education and nursing research will change to encompass a differentiated demand for professional nursing practice with, and not for, robots in healthcare.

Nurses' needs for care robots in integrated nursing care services

AIMS

To determine the need for care robots among nurses and to suggest how robotic care should be prioritized in integrated nursing care services.

BACKGROUND

Korea is expected to be a super-aged society by 2030. To solve care issues with elderly inpatient caused by informal caregivers, the government introduced "integrated nursing care services"; these are comprehensive care systems staffed by professionally trained nurses. To assist them, a care robot development project has been launched.

DESIGN

The study applied a cross-sectional survey.

METHODS

In 2016, we conducted a multicentre survey involving 302 Registered Nurses in five hospitals including three tertiary and two secondary hospitals in Korea. The questionnaire consisted of general characteristics of nurses and their views on and extents of agreement about issues associated with robotic care.

RESULTS

Trial centre nurses and those with ≥10 years of experience reported positively on the prospects for robotic care. The top-three desired primary roles for care robots were "measuring/monitoring", "mobility/activity" and "safety care". "Reduction in workload", especially in terms of "other nursing services" which were categorized as nonvalue-added nursing activities, was the most valued feature. The nurses approved of the aid by care robots but were concerned about device malfunction and interruption of rapport with patients.

CONCLUSION

Care robots are expected to be effective in integrated nursing care services, particularly in "measuring/monitoring". Such robots should decrease nurses' workload and minimize nonvalue-added nursing activities efficiently. No matter how excellent care robots are, they must cooperate with and be controlled by nurses.