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Mao X, Yang L, Liu Y, Ma C, Ma T, Yu Q, Li M. Vacuole and Mitochondria Patch (vCLAMP) Protein Vam6 Is Involved in Maintenance of Mitochondrial and Vacuolar Functions under Oxidative Stress in Candida albicans. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10010136. [PMID: 33478009 PMCID: PMC7835768 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10010136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is one of the most common opportunistic fungal pathogens in human beings. When infecting host cells, C. albicans is often exposed to oxidative stress from the host immune defense system. Maintenance of mitochondrial and vacuolar functions is crucial for its resistance to oxidative stress. However, the role of vacuole and mitochondria patchs (vCLAMPs) in cellular oxidative stress resistance and in the maintenance of organelle functions remains to be elucidated. Herein, the function of the vCLAMP protein Vam6 in response to oxidative stress was explored. The results showed that the vam6∆/∆ mutant exhibited obvious mitochondrial swelling, mtDNA damage, reduced activity of antioxidant enzymes, and abnormal vacuolar morphology under H2O2 treatment, indicating its important role in maintaining the structures and functions of both mitochondria and vacuoles under oxidative stress. Further studies showed that deletion of VAM6 attenuated hyphal development under oxidative stress. Moreover, loss of Vam6 obviously affected host tissue invasion and virulence of C. albicans. Taken together, this paper reveals the critical role of vCLAMPs in response to oxidative stress in C. albicans.
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Blachowicz A, Mayer T, Bashir M, Pieber TR, De León P, Venkateswaran K. Human presence impacts fungal diversity of inflated lunar/Mars analog habitat. MICROBIOME 2017; 5:62. [PMID: 28693587 PMCID: PMC5504618 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-017-0280-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An inflatable lunar/Mars analog habitat (ILMAH), simulated closed system isolated by HEPA filtration, mimics International Space Station (ISS) conditions and future human habitation on other planets except for the exchange of air between outdoor and indoor environments. The ILMAH was primarily commissioned to measure physiological, psychological, and immunological characteristics of human inhabiting in isolation, but it was also available for other studies such as examining its microbiological aspects. Characterizing and understanding possible changes and succession of fungal species is of high importance since fungi are not only hazardous to inhabitants but also deteriorate the habitats. Observing the mycobiome changes in the presence of human will enable developing appropriate countermeasures with reference to crew health in a future closed habitat. RESULTS Succession of fungi was characterized utilizing both traditional and state-of-the-art molecular techniques during the 30-day human occupation of the ILMAH. Surface samples were collected at various time points and locations to observe both the total and viable fungal populations of common environmental and opportunistic pathogenic species. To estimate the cultivable fungal population, potato dextrose agar plate counts method was utilized. The internal transcribed spacer region-based iTag Illumina sequencing was employed to measure the community structure and fluctuation of the mycobiome over time in various locations. Treatment of samples with propidium monoazide (PMA; a DNA intercalating dye for selective detection of viable microbial populations) had a significant effect on the microbial diversity compared to non-PMA-treated samples. Statistical analysis confirmed that viable fungal community structure changed (increase in diversity and decrease in fungal burden) over the occupation time. Samples collected at day 20 showed distinct fungal profiles from samples collected at any other time point (before or after). Viable fungal families like Davidiellaceae, Teratosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, and Pleosporaceae were shown to increase during the occupation time. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study revealed that the overall fungal diversity in the closed habitat changed during human presence; therefore, it is crucial to properly maintain a closed habitat to preserve it from deteriorating and keep it safe for its inhabitants. Differences in community profiles were observed when statistically treated, especially of the mycobiome of samples collected at day 20. On a genus level Epiccocum, Alternaria, Pleosporales, Davidiella, and Cryptococcus showed increased abundance over the occupation time.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Blachowicz
- Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Dr., M/S 89-2, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - T Mayer
- Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Dr., M/S 89-2, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | - M Bashir
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - T R Pieber
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - P De León
- Department of Space Studies, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA
| | - K Venkateswaran
- Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Dr., M/S 89-2, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA.
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Sharma Y, Chumber SK, Kaur M. Studying the Prevalence, Species Distribution, and Detection of In vitro Production of Phospholipase from Candida Isolated from Cases of Invasive Candidiasis. J Glob Infect Dis 2017; 9:8-11. [PMID: 28250619 PMCID: PMC5330047 DOI: 10.4103/0974-777x.199995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Candida spp. have emerged as successful pathogens both in invasive and mucosal infections. C. albicans is the sixth cause of most common nosocomial infections according to studies by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. A shift toward non-albicans species has been reported. There is a dearth of knowledge regarding the virulence factors of Candida, especially from this part of India. The aim was to study the prevalence of Candida, speciate, and determine antifungal sensitivity along with the detection of in vitro production of phospholipases in 100 Candida isolates. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 100 Candida isolates from various clinical specimens were studied (February 1, 2015-May 31, 2015; 4 months). Speciation was done by conventional methods and antifungal drugs fluconazole and voriconazole tested. Phospholipase activity (Pz value) was determined. RESULTS Of the 100 Candida spp., 35% were C. albicans and 65% were nonalbicans Candida (NAC). Species spectrum was of the 100 isolates as follows: 35 were C. albicans, 17 Candida tropicalis, 6 Candida glabrata, 8 Candida guilliermondi, 1 Candida kefyr, 6 Candida krusei, 14 Candida parapsilosis, 2 Candida lusitaniae, and 1 Trichosporon and 10 Candida spp. (not speciated). Phospholipase production was seen in 81 (81%) of the total isolates. The majority (63%) of phospholipase producers were NAC. Among NAC spp., the maximum phospholipase activity was seen in C. tropicalis (30%) and C. parapsilosis (24%). Of these, 60% of Candida was from patients admitted to the hospital. Sensitivity rates of C. albicans for fluconazole and voriconazole were 89.5% and 90.5%, respectively. CONCLUSION Increasing usage of devices, total parenteral nutrition, broad-spectrum antibiotics, chemotherapies, and transplantation are factors contributing to the increase of candidal infections. Recent studies underline the increasing frequency of infections by NAC. The present study showcases the increased prevalence as well as virulence of NAC. In addition, early detection of virulence factors by Candida is useful in clinical decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukti Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratory Diagnostic Services, St. Stephen's Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Susheel Kumar Chumber
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratory Diagnostic Services, St. Stephen's Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Mandeep Kaur
- Department of Hematology, Laboratory Diagnostic Services, St. Stephen's Hospital, New Delhi, India
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Ahmadi A, Ardehali SH, Beigmohammadi MT, Hajiabdolbaghi M, Hashemian SMR, Kouchek M, Majidpour A, Mokhtari M, Moghaddam OM, Najafi A, Nejat R, Niakan M, Lotfi AH, Amirsavadkouhi A, Shirazian F, Tabarsi P, Taher MT, Torabi-Nami M. Invasive candidiasis in intensive care unit; consensus statement from an Iranian panel of experts, July 2013. JRSM Open 2014; 5:2042533313517689. [PMID: 25057376 PMCID: PMC4012669 DOI: 10.1177/2042533313517689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive candidiasis (IC) is associated with high mortality in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Timely diagnosis of this potentially fatal condition remains a challenge; on the other hand, the criteria for initiating empirical antifungal therapy in critically ill patients are not well defined in different patient population and ICU settings. Alongside the international guidelines, reaching regional and local consensus on diagnosis and management of IC in ICU setting is essential. This report summarizes our present status of IC management in ICU, considered by a group of Iranian experts in the fields of intensive care and infectious diseases. A round table of 17 experts was held to review the available data and discuss the optimal treatment strategies for IC in critical care setting. Comparative published data on the management of IC were analytically reviewed and the commonly asked questions about the management of IC in ICU were isolated. These questions were interactively discussed by the panel and audience responses were taken to consolidate point-to-point agreement with the panel arriving at consensus in many instances. The responses indicated that patients’ risk stratification, clinical discretion, fungal diagnostic techniques and the empirical therapy for IC are likely to save more patients. Treatment options were recommended to be based on the disease severity, prior azole exposure, and the presence of suspected azole-resistant Candida species. This report was reviewed, edited and discussed by all participants to include further evidence-based insights. The panel expects such endorsed recommendations to be soon formulated for implementation across the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Ahmadi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Hossein Ardehali
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Shohada Tajrish Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghi Beigmohammadi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahboubeh Hajiabdolbaghi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Reza Hashemian
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Masih-Daneshvari Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehran Kouchek
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Imam Hossein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Majidpour
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Rasoul-e-Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Mokhtari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonology, Critical Care Unit, Imam Hossein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omid Moradi Moghaddam
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Rasoul-e-Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atabak Najafi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Nejat
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Niakan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Farzad Shirazian
- Intensive Care Unit, Vali-e-Asr Hospital, NAJA University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Payam Tabarsi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Masih-Daneshvari Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahshid Talebi Taher
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Rasoul-e-Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Torabi-Nami
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran ; Behphar Scientific Committee, Behphar Group, Tehran, Iran
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