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Emerging biomarker in carcinogenesis. Focus on Nestin. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2022; 39:1001-1007. [PMID: 36686021 PMCID: PMC9837589 DOI: 10.5114/ada.2022.122599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nestin is a protein belonging to class VI intermediate filaments, which is involved in organogenesis, cellular metabolism and cytoskeletal organisation. Originally found to be expressed in neuroepithelial stem cells, nestin is also expressed in other tissues. It plays an important role in the carcinogenesis and angiogenesis. Its increased expression in melanoma is associated with an aggressive course of the disease and poor prognosis. Research findings for non-melanocytic skin neoplasms are inconclusive. The aim of this paper was to systematize knowledge on the role of nestin in cancerogenesis. The authors focused in particular on the expression of nestin in skin malignancies, as well as on the potential role of nestin in the pathogenesis, prognosis and treatment of cutaneous neoplasms.
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Koduri MA, Jaffet J, Shanbhag SS, Basu S, Singh V, Singh S. Cytokeratin profile and keratinocyte gene expression in keratinized lid margins of patients with chronic Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2022; 260:3009-3018. [PMID: 35460363 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-022-05669-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the cytokeratin profile and keratinization-related gene expression in keratinized lid margins of chronic Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) patients. METHODS Posterior eyelid margins from 24 chronic SJS patients undergoing mucous membrane grafting and six healthy margins (orbital exenteration, fresh body donors) were studied using immunofluorescence staining (CK10, CK1, filaggrin, transglutaminase 1 (TGM1), (CK19, MUC5AC)) and quantitative PCR (keratinization-related genes-HBEGF, KGF, EGF, TGFα, TGFβ, and TNFα). The staining and gene expression were studied separately in the lid margin epidermis (LME) and lid margin conjunctiva (LMC). RESULTS The expression of CK 1/10, filaggrin, and TGM1 in the LMC was similar to the LME in SJS patients. CK19 was expressed only in the basal epithelial layer of the LMC with loss of MUC5AC expression. Increased expression of KGF (p ≤ 0.056), TNFα (p ≤ 0.02), and TGFα (p ≤ 0.01) was observed in the LME of SJS patients compared to normal LME. LMC of SJS patients showed an increased expression of HBEGF (p ≤ 0.002), EGF (p ≤ 0.0002), KGF (p ≤ 0.02), TNFα (p ≤ 0.04), TGFα (p ≤ 0.003), and TGFβ (p ≤ 0.001) compared to normal LMC. Significant differences were observed in the expression of these genes between LME and LMC of SJS patients. These genes were validated using String analysis, which revealed the positive regulation of keratinization. CONCLUSION In lid margins of SJS, there is an increased expression of keratinization-related genes compared to the normal lid margin. Keratinized LMC shares similar cytokeratin profile and keratinization gene expression as seen in cutaneous epithelium of SJS patients, indicating the possibility of the cutaneous epithelium as a source for keratinized LMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuri Amulya Koduri
- Centre for Ocular Regeneration (CORE), Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre (BHERC), LV Prasad Eye Institute, Road No.2, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, 500034, Telangana, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Karnataka, India
| | - Jilu Jaffet
- Centre for Ocular Regeneration (CORE), Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre (BHERC), LV Prasad Eye Institute, Road No.2, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, 500034, Telangana, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Karnataka, India
| | - Swapna S Shanbhag
- The Cornea Institute, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Sayan Basu
- Centre for Ocular Regeneration (CORE), Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre (BHERC), LV Prasad Eye Institute, Road No.2, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, 500034, Telangana, India. .,The Cornea Institute, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
| | - Vivek Singh
- Centre for Ocular Regeneration (CORE), Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre (BHERC), LV Prasad Eye Institute, Road No.2, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, 500034, Telangana, India.
| | - Swati Singh
- Centre for Ocular Regeneration (CORE), Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre (BHERC), LV Prasad Eye Institute, Road No.2, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, 500034, Telangana, India.
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Sundqvist B, Sihto H, von Willebrand M, Böhling T, Koljonen V. LRIG1 is a positive prognostic marker in Merkel cell carcinoma and Merkel cell carcinoma expresses epithelial stem cell markers. Virchows Arch 2021; 479:1197-1207. [PMID: 34331569 PMCID: PMC8724115 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-021-03158-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare and aggressive neuroendocrine malignancy of the skin. The cell of origin of MCC is thus far unknown and proposed cells of origin include Merkel cells, pro-/pre- or pre-B cells, epithelial stem cells, and dermal stem cells. In this study, we aimed to shed further light on the possibility that a subset of MCC tumors arise from epithelial stem cells of the skin by examining the expression of hair follicle and epidermal stem cell markers in MCC and normal human skin. We also aimed to elucidate any correlation between the expression of these markers and tumor Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) status or other clinicopathological characteristics or patient survival. Expression of CK19, SOX9, LGR5, and LRIG1 in MCC and normal human skin was studied by immunohistochemistry, and the staining patterns or intensities were statistically correlated with patient, tumor, MCPyV, and survival parameters. In a cohort of 137 cases of MCC, we observed dot-like immunoexpression of CK19 in 30 cases (22.1%) and homogeneous expression in 103 cases (75.7%). We also observed positive immunoexpression of SOX9 in 21 cases (15.3%), LGR5 in 118 cases (86.1%), and LRIG1 in 117 cases (86.0%). Immunoexpression of LRIG1 was found to correlate with better overall and MCC-specific survival. We observed frequent immunoexpression of several hair follicle and epidermal stem cell markers in MCC and found LRIG1 to be a positive prognostic marker in MCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Sundqvist
- Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 21, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Harri Sihto
- Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 21, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria von Willebrand
- Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 21, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tom Böhling
- Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 21, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Virve Koljonen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Greywal T, Rubin AG, Jiang B. A Rare Presentation of Basal Cell Carcinoma Arising within Trichoepithelioma: A Diagnostic Challenge. Cureus 2019; 11:e5401. [PMID: 31620324 PMCID: PMC6793645 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.5401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiating between trichoepithelioma and basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is sometimes diagnostically challenging. We present a case of a 61-year-old male with a BCC arising within a trichoepithelioma, which is rarely reported in the literature. Clinical and histological diagnosis of trichoepithelioma is sometimes complicated by its many similarities to BCC. Therefore, immunohistochemical analysis and adequate tissue sampling are essential in suspicious lesions. In addition, as represented by our patient’s presentation, it is important for clinicians to remember that the presence of a concurrent malignant neoplasm may be masked by the benign nature of a trichoepithelioma and that a superficial shave biopsy may not be sufficient for accurately diagnosing such suspicious lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Greywal
- Dermatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Ashley G Rubin
- Mohs Surgery, Bernardo Dermatology Medical Group, Poway, USA
| | - Brian Jiang
- Dermatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
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