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Ren J, Gan S, Zheng S, Li M, An Y, Yuan S, Gu X, Zhang L, Hou Y, Du Q, Zhang G, Shen W. Genotype-phenotype pattern analysis of pathogenic PAX9 variants in Chinese Han families with non-syndromic oligodontia. Front Genet 2023; 14:1142776. [PMID: 37056289 PMCID: PMC10086135 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1142776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Non-syndromic oligodontia is characterized by the absence of six or more permanent teeth, excluding third molars, and can have aesthetic, masticatory, and psychological consequences. Previous studies have shown that PAX9 is associated with autosomal dominant forms of oligodontia but the precise molecular mechanisms are still unknown.Methods: Whole-exome and Sanger sequencing were performed on a cohort of approximately 28 probands with NSO, for mutation analysis. Bioinformatic analysis was performed on the potential variants. Immunofluorescence assay, western blotting, and qPCR were used to explore the preliminary functional impact of the variant PAX9 proteins. We reviewed PAX9-related NSO articles in PubMed to analyze the genotype-phenotype correlations.Results: We identified three novel PAX9 variants in Chinese Han families: c.152G>T (p.Gly51Val), c.239delC (p.Thr82Profs*3), and c.409C>T (q.Gln137Ter). In addition, two previously reported missense variants were identified: c.140G>C (p.Arg47Pro) and c.146C>T (p.Ser49Leu) (reference sequence NM_006194.4). Structural modeling revealed that all missense variants were located in the highly conserved paired domain. The other variants led to premature termination of the protein, causing structural impairment of the PAX9 protein. Immunofluorescence assay showed abnormal subcellular localizations of the missense variants (R47P, S49L, and G51V). In human dental pulp stem cells, western blotting and qPCR showed decreased expression of PAX9 variants (c.140G>C, p.R47P, and c.152G>T, p.G51V) compared with the wild-type group at both the transcription and translation levels. A review of published papers identified 64 PAX9 variants related to NSO and found that the most dominant feature was the high incidence of missing upper second molars, first molars, second premolars, and lower second molars.Conclusion: Three novel PAX9 variants were identified in Chinese Han families with NSO. These results extend the variant spectrum of PAX9 and provide a foundation for genetic diagnosis and counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabao Ren
- Department of Prosthodontics, Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Sifang Gan
- Department of Prosthodontics, Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | | | - Meikang Li
- Department of Prosthodontics, Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yilin An
- Department of Prosthodontics, Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Shuo Yuan
- Department of Prosthodontics, Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiuge Gu
- Department of Orthodontics, Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yan Hou
- Department of Orthodontics, Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Qingqing Du
- College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Guozhong Zhang
- College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wenjing Shen
- Department of Prosthodontics, Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- *Correspondence: Wenjing Shen,
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Murakami A, Yasuhira S, Mayama H, Miura H, Maesawa C, Satoh K. Characterization of PAX9 variant P20L identified in a Japanese family with tooth agenesis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186260. [PMID: 29023497 PMCID: PMC5638407 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors PAX9 and MSX1 play crucial roles in the development of permanent teeth at the bud stage, and their loss-of-function variants have been associated with congenital tooth agenesis. We sequenced the coding regions of the PAX9 and MSX1 genes from nine patients with non-syndromic tooth agenesis, and identified a missense mutation, P20L, of PAX9 in a single familial case involving three patients in two generations. Identical mutation was previously reported by other authors, but has not been characterized in detail. The mutation was located in a highly conserved N-terminal subdomain of the paired domain and co-segregated as a heterozygote with tooth agenesis. The patients showed defects primarily in the first and second molars, which is typical for cases attributable to PAX9 mutation. Luciferase reporter assay using the 2.3-kb promoter region of BMP4 and electrophoretic mobility shift assay using the CD19-2(A-ins) sequence revealed that P20L substitution eliminated most of the transactivation activity and specific DNA binding activity of PAX9 under the experimental conditions we employed, while some residual activity of the mutant was evident in the former assay. The hypomorphic nature of the variant may explain the relatively mild phenotype in this case, as compared with other PAX9 pathogenic variants such as R26W.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Murakami
- Department of Developmental Oral Health Science, School of Dentistry, Iwate Medical University, Uchimaru, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Shinji Yasuhira
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Iwate Medical University, Nishitokuta, Yahaba-cho, Shiwa-gun, Iwate, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Hisayo Mayama
- Department of Developmental Oral Health Science, School of Dentistry, Iwate Medical University, Uchimaru, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Miura
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Iwate Medical University, Uchimaru, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Chihaya Maesawa
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Iwate Medical University, Nishitokuta, Yahaba-cho, Shiwa-gun, Iwate, Japan
| | - Kazuro Satoh
- Department of Developmental Oral Health Science, School of Dentistry, Iwate Medical University, Uchimaru, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
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