Assessment of Serum VASPIN Levels among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with or without Acute Coronary Syndrome

NAMPT, IL-6, and vaspin gene expressions and serum protein levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus and related complication

Background/aim

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most common type of diabetes and occurs due to insufficient insulin secretion or inability to use existing insulin and the effects of environmental factors. Although there are many studies on the pathophysiology of T2DM, the mechanisms contributing to the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction have not been completely elucidated. Some adipokines secreted from adipose tissue, which are the primary regulators of insulin resistance, affect immune and inflammatory functions. Altered adipokine profiles have been observed in obesity and T2DM, leading to severe metabolic risks and changes in insulin sensitivity.

Materials and methods

This study used quantitative PCR and ELISA techniques to analyze samples from individuals without diabetes (control group) and with T2DM (macrovascular and microvascular complications and without complications) for at least 10 years.

Results

The mRNA expression and protein levels of NAMPT, IL-6, and vaspin genes were determined. While there was no significant difference in NAMPT, IL-6, and vaspin mRNA expression levels between diabetic groups, there was a significant decrease between the patient and control groups (p < 0.001). For serum protein levels, NAMPT protein levels decreased significantly in the uncomplicated group, while IL-6 and vaspin protein levels increased significantly in both microvascular and macrovascular complication groups (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

The correlations between gene expressions, clinical parameters, and protein levels are crucial to understanding the implications of the findings.

OBEZİTENİN DOLAŞIMDAKİ GALANİN VE VASPİN DÜZEYLERİ İLE İLİŞKİSİ

Objective: Our aim was to compare vaspin and galanin in obese and normal weight individuals, to reveal whether these parameters are related to obesity and other related parameters. Material and Methods: Forty patients with obesity and 40 control subjects were included in the study. Biochemical parameters were recorded from patient’s files. Galanin and vaspin levels were studied by ELISA method, obtained as a result of centrifugation of these blood samples. Results: The groups were similar to each other in terms of gender and age (p>0.05). Galanine levels were higher in the group with obesity compared to the control group (p0.05). Glucose, insulin, triglyceride and LDL-C levels were statistically significantly higher in the patient group than in the control group (p0.05). A statistically significant positive correlation was found with galanin and glucose, insulin, and BMI, respectively (p

Correlation of Serum Vaspin, Omentin-1, and adiponectin with metabolic phenotypes in Type-2 diabetes mellitus patients

Objectives:

To investigate adipocytokines’ (vaspin, omentin-1, and adiponectin) correlation with metabolic phenotypes in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients.

Methods:

This case-control research was done at the Diabetic Clinic in Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), from November 2018 to March 2019. Seventy-five T2DM patients and 75 gender, age, and BMI-matched healthy subjects were recruited for this research.

Results:

In DM patients, the concentrations of serum vaspin and omentin-1 were substantially lower (p<0.001) than in the control group. A significant positive relationship between vaspin concentration and DBP (p<0.001), BMI (p<0.001), and waist circumference (p<0.001) was found in patients and control subjects, while FPG (p<0.016), serum insulin (p<0.001), HOMA-IR (p<0.001), TC (p<0.001), TG (p<0.001), and LDLc (p<0.001) were significantly interrelated among patients. Serum concentrations of omentin-1 and ADN were significantly negatively correlated with serum insulin, HOMA-IR, and TG among the DM group. Serum vaspin and ADN levels were significantly higher in the cases and control groups with BMI>25, and no gender-wise variance was observed in adipocytokines levels. Binary logistic regression analysis showed a significantly negative predictive relationship of vaspin and omentin-1 with DM.

Conclusion:

The DM group displayed substantially lower serum vaspin and omentin-1 levels. However, there was no consistent relationship observed between these adipocytokines and metabolic phenotypes.

Association of vaspin rs2236242 gene polymorphism with serum vaspin level, insulin resistance and diabetes in an Iranian diabetic/pre-diabetic population

BACKGROUND

In recent years, the role of vaspin as an insulin-sensitizer has been studied widely. This is the investigation that examined the association of vaspin polymorphism rs2236242 on the vaspin level and the risk of type 2 diabetes and insulin-resistant Iranian pre-diabetic/diabetic population.

METHODS

A case-control study was conducted on 160 participants includes 80 participants holding (FBG) fasting blood glucose 3.88-5.55 (mmol/L) in the normal group, and 80 participants holding FBG≥5.55 (mmol/L) in a diabetic/pre-diabetic group. The serum vaspin and insulin were determined with ELISA (enzyme-linked assay) and biochemical variables by standard method. Tetra arms amplification system for the vaspin gene was performed. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software version 20.

RESULTS

The means of age, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), FBG, and vaspin were significantly different between normal and type 2 diabetic/impaired fasting blood group (P-value<0.05). rs2236242 showed association with Hip circumference (P-value<0.05). A significant association between allele A of rs2236242 with type 2 diabetes was seen (P-value<0.001). The vaspin levels showed a negative correlation with FBG (r =-0.296, P=0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Allele A of rs2236242 is a protective risk for type 2 diabetes, but no association of rs2236242 with insulin resistance was seen. The lower level of vaspin is a predictor for the progression of type 2 diabetes.

Assessment of serum tenascin-C and growth differentiation factor-15 among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with and without acute coronary syndrome

Background

High prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with a higher prevalence of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Inflammation is one of the important contributors to the pathogenesis and complications of coronary atherosclerotic plaque. Growth Differentiation Factor-15 (GDF-15) and Tenascin-C (TNC) play an important role in the initiation of atherosclerotic plaque as well as its rupture. The aim of the study was to evaluate the association between serum GDF-15, TNC, and the risk of ACS among T2DM patients.

Methods

Anthropometric parameters, routine biochemical investigations like liver and renal function tests, lipid profile, and Creatine Kinase-Total (CK-T), Creatine Kinase-MB (CK-MB) were measured in 42 T2DM patients with ACS and 42 T2DM patients. Serum GDF-15 and TNC were measured by Human Sandwich-ELISA kits.

Results

Serum GDF-15 and TNC levels were significantly higher in T2DM patients with ACS as compared to T2DM patients. Serum GDF-15 was significantly correlated with waist circumference, diastolic blood pressure, pulse, serum CK-T, and CK-MB. Serum TNC was significantly correlated with the pulse, serum CK-T, CK-MB, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and blood urea nitro GEN. Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that waist circumference was independently positively associated with serum GDF-15.

Conclusions

T2DM patients with higher serum GDF-15 and TNC levels were at higher risk of acute coronary syndrome independent of other cardiovascular risk factors.

Elevated serum IL-6 and adiponectin levels are associated with frailty and physical function in Chinese older adults

Purpose

Frailty is associated with adverse health outcomes. Its biological markers are essential to enhance diagnostic ease and would contribute to surveillance of the condition. Considering the involvement of pro-inflammatory and nutritional states in frailty, we aimed to investigate whether inflammatory mediators and adipokines are associated with frailty and their relationship with physical function.

Patients and methods

We recruited 130 older adults (90 nonfrail participants and 40 frail participants, mean age: 72.80±8.61 years) who underwent a comprehensive medical history and frailty assessment. The biochemical indicators (eg, blood urea nitrogen [BUN], high-density lipoprotein [HDL], and hemoglobin [HGB]), insulin pathway (glucose, insulin, and insulin-like growth factor 1 [IGF-1]), circulating inflammatory biomarkers (IL-6, tumor necrosis factor receptor 1, and C-reactive protein), and adipokines (adiponectin, vaspin, and leptin) were compared between the two groups. We further analyzed their correlation with physical function.

Results

Frail older adults showed higher levels of BUN, IL-6, adiponectin, vaspin, and glucose and lower levels of IGF-1, HDL, and HGB compared with nonfrail participants. Serum IL-6 levels were negatively correlated with both grip strength (P=0.03) and gait speed (P=0.04). Levels of circulating adiponectin and leptin were adversely correlated with grip strength (P=0.01) and gait speed (P=0.03), respectively. After adjustment for age and sex, the only markers correlated with physical function were IL-6 (r=−0.180, P=0.044) and adiponectin (r=−0.195, P=0.029).

Conclusion

High levels of IL-6, adiponectin, vaspin, and glucose as well as low levels of IGF-1 were found in frail older adults. Furthermore, IL-6, adiponectin, and leptin levels were negatively correlated with physical function, suggesting that inflammatory mediators and adipokines are biomarkers for frailty and decreased function in older adults.

Anti-Atherogenic Effects of Vaspin on Human Aortic Smooth Muscle Cell/Macrophage Responses and Hyperlipidemic Mouse Plaque Phenotype

Vaspin (visceral adipose tissue-derived serine protease inhibitor) was recently identified as a novel adipocytokine with insulin-sensitizing effects. Serum vaspin levels are reported either increased or decreased in patients with coronary artery disease. Our translational research was performed to evaluate the expression of vaspin in human coronary atherosclerotic lesions, and its effects on atherogenic responses in human macrophages and human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMC), as well as aortic atherosclerotic lesion development in spontaneously hyperlipidemic Apoe−/− mice, an animal model of atherosclerosis. Vaspin was expressed at high levels in macrophages/vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) within human coronary atheromatous plaques. Vaspin significantly suppressed inflammatory phenotypes with nuclear factor κB down-regulation in human macrophages. Vaspin significantly suppressed oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced foam cell formation with CD36 and acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase-1 down-regulation and ATP-binding cassette transporters A1 and G1, and scavenger receptor class B type 1 up-regulation in human macrophages. Vaspin significantly suppressed angiotensin II-induced migration and proliferation with ERK1/2 and JNK down-regulation, and increased collagen production with phosphoinositide 3-kinase and Akt up-regulation in HASMCs. Chronic infusion of vaspin into Apoe−/− mice significantly suppressed the development of aortic atherosclerotic lesions, with significant reductions of intraplaque inflammation and the macrophage/VSMC ratio, a marker of plaque instability. Our study indicates that vaspin prevents atherosclerotic plaque formation and instability, and may serve as a novel therapeutic target in atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases.

Rosuvastatin Improves Vaspin Serum Levels in Obese Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome

Adipose tissue-derived serine protease inhibitor (vaspin), which has endocrine and local roles in atherosclerosis growth, is also synthesized by adipose tissue; it was found that vaspin was negatively correlated with blood pressure in obese patients, while vaspin levels were decreased in endothelial dysfunction. The aim of the present study was to determine rosuvastatin modulation effects on serum vaspin levels in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) with class I obesity. A total number of seventy patients with acute coronary syndrome previously and currently treated with rosuvastatin was compared to 40 patients with IHD not treated by rosuvastatin as a control. Vaspin serum levels were higher in rosuvastatin-treated patients with acute coronary syndrome compared to the patients with acute coronary syndrome not treated by rosuvastatin, p < 0.01. Additionally, in the rosuvastatin-treated group, patients with STEMI showed higher vaspin serum levels compared to NSTEMI p < 0.01. Conclusion: Rosuvastatin significantly increases vaspin serum levels in acute coronary syndrome.