The Effect of Stress Management Training through PRECEDE-PROCEED Model on Occupational Stress among Nurses and Midwives at Iran Hospital, Iranshahr

A narrative review of anxiety regulation in PhD students based on Green model

To gain a better understanding of the factors that contribute to anxiety among PhD students and the reasons for poor regulation in the current situation, this paper analyses the existing literature on anxiety among PhD students using Green's model. It also compares and evaluates various methods of regulating anxiety. The literature review to extract information on the causes and levels of anxiety, methods and outcomes of anxiety intervention and regulation, and to make comparisons. The study reveals that the phenomenon of PhD students' anxiety has intensified globally in recent years, especially after the end of the epidemic. PhD students experience anxiety due to research pressure, economic pressure, future development, and interpersonal pressure. The main influencing factors are currently the relationship with the supervisor, development prospects, social support, and peer comparison. Among the stress relief methods, the regulation of self-relaxation was found to have better effects on mild anxiety, such as positive thinking, meditation, yoga and physical exercise can be helpful for emotion release then help focus on problem solved. Whereas severe anxiety may require institutional and pharmacological support, also including using psychological therapy such as behavioral cognitive therapy and systematic desensitization methods. For university, competence to provide course-assisted guidance, such as writing groups, peer support, and time management, is also important. Academic communities should pay attention to the guidance on academic fairness. However, PhD students are often unaware of the resources available to them for coping with stress and may not take the initiative to seek psychological counseling or institutional assistance. Therefore, PhD students should receive support from various sources, be guided to express their thoughts, and receive additional education and academic assistance to manage stress. This will enhance their confidence and aid in improving their scientific research.

Explaining stress coping behaviors in patients with multiple sclerosis based on the PRECEDE model: a qualitative directed content analysis

BACKGROUND

Stress can be regarded as one of the consequences of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and a factor in exacerbating or recurring the symptoms resulting from the disease. This study aimed to explain the stress coping behaviors in patients with MS based on the PRECEDE model.

METHODS

This study is a qualitative directed content analysis research based on the PRECEDE model. Data were obtained through in-depth semi-structured interviews with 26 patients with MS, who were selected using a purposive sampling and maximum diversity in terms of gender, age, education, marital status, and employment. Data collection continued until the saturation occurred. Simultaneously, collected data were analyzed using a qualitative directed content analysis method.

RESULTS

Data analysis led to the identification of 11 sub-categories. Of these, 10 sub-categories were assigned to three categories of predisposing factors (awareness, attitude, self-efficacy, and perceived severity), enabling factors (existence of resources, access to resources, skills of using resources, and educational preferences), and reinforcing factors (social support, important others and behavioral consequences). The social comparison category was a new category identified from the analysis of interviews.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on the results, individual, environmental and social factors play a role in the stress of these patients. Designing programs that lead to their empowerment and improvements in the environmental and social conditions can be effective in controlling stress in these patients. Based on the results, planners can adopt the most appropriate strategies to change these determinants, help reduce stress, and promote the psychological standard of living in these patients.

The effect of intervention using the PRECEDE-PROCEED model based on quality of life in diabetic patients

BACKGROUND

Poor quality of life is common among diabetic patients, and educational intervention is one of the most effective strategies to improve the quality of life for chronic patients.

OBJECTIVES

To determine the effect of an educational intervention based on PRECEDE-PROCEED in quality of life of diabetic patients, in 2016.

METHODS

In this quasi-experimental study, 86 patients referred to diabetic centers of Ardabil participated. We used the components PRECEDE-PROCEED model for planning, implementation and evaluation of the program. Data collection tools were Diabetes Quality of Life questionnaire (DQOL) and a researcher-made questionnaire. Eight training sessions were conducted for the intervention group for self-efficiency, self- management, attitude, knowledge, and enabling reinforcing factors. Quality of life was followed one and three months after intervention. Data were analyzed through SPSS 16 software using descriptive and analytical tests.

RESULTS

The mean age of patients was 55.88 (±12.1) years. The result showed that before intervention, no significant difference was observed among the mean scores of quality of life, self-management, knowledge, attitude, enabling and reinforcing factors, and self-efficiency in two groups. But one and three months after intervention a significant difference was observed (p<0.001).

CONCLUSION

Educational intervention with PRECEDE-PROCEED model improved the diabetic patient's quality of life.