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Harley BK, Quagraine AM, Neglo D, Aggrey MO, Orman E, Mireku-Gyimah NA, Amengor CD, Jato J, Saaka Y, Fleischer TC. Metabolite profiling, antifungal, biofilm formation prevention and disruption of mature biofilm activities of Erythrina senegalensis stem bark extract against Candida albicans and Candida glabrata. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278096. [PMID: 36441750 PMCID: PMC9704668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The antifungal activity of the 70% ethanol stem bark extract of Erythrina senegalensis (ESB) against different strains and drug resistant clinical isolates of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata were evaluated in the study. The effect of ESB on biofilms as well as its activity in combination with fluconazole, nystatin or caspofungin against the Candida strains were also evaluated. We then evaluated the antifungal activity of a microemulsion formulation of ESB against planktonic and biofilms of the Candida species. UPLC-QTOF-MS2 analysis was then undertaken to identify the phytoconstituents of the extract and UPLC fingerprints developed for the routine authentication as part of quality control measures. ESB exerted strong antifungal activities against C. albicans ATCC 10231 and SC5314 strains, and C. glabrata ATCC 2001 strain with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values from 3.91 to 31.25 μg/mL and minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFCs) that ranged from 62.5 to 250 μg/mL. It also exhibited potent antifungal activities (MIC = 4-64 μg/mL) against a collection of C. albicans and C. glabrata clinical isolates that were resistant to either nystatin or azole antifungals. The formulated ESB demonstrated higher antifungal potency against the C. albicans and C. glabrata strains with MIC values of 3.91-31.25 μg/mL which was the same as the MFC values. The extract and its microemulsion formulation were active against biofilms of the strains of the Candida species inhibiting their biofilm formations (SMIC50 = 16-64 μg/mL) and their preformed biofilms (SMIC50 = 128 ->512 μg/mL). ESB also exhibited synergistic antifungal action with fluconazole and nystatin against C. albicans ATCC 10231 and C. glabrata ATCC 2001 strains in the checkerboard assay. Chemical characterization of the extract revealed the presence of phenolic compounds such as flavonoids and their prenylated derivatives, anthracene glycosides and alkaloids. UPLC Fingerprints of the extract was also developed and validated for routine identification and authentication of the stem bark of E. senegalensis. The study findings have demonstrated that the stem bark of E. senegalensis is as a potential source of bioactive compounds that could be developed as novel antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Kingsley Harley
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicine, School of Pharmacy, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
- * E-mail:
| | - Anthony Martin Quagraine
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicine, School of Pharmacy, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - David Neglo
- Department of Basic Science, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Mike Okweesi Aggrey
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicine, School of Pharmacy, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Emmanuel Orman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Nana Ama Mireku-Gyimah
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicine, School of Pharmacy, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Cedric Dzidzor Amengor
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Jonathan Jato
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicine, School of Pharmacy, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Yussif Saaka
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Theophilus Christian Fleischer
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicine, School of Pharmacy, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
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Vapor-Phase of Essential Oils as a Promising Solution to Prevent Candida Vaginal Biofilms Caused by Antifungal Resistant Strains. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10091649. [PMID: 36141261 PMCID: PMC9498542 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10091649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a disease with high incidence, a huge impact on the quality of life and health of women, and which represents a great challenge to treat. The growing need to apply antifungal intensive therapies have contributed to an emergence of drug-resistant Candida strains. Thus, effective therapeutic options, to meet the antifungal-resistance challenge and to control high resilient biofilms, are urgently needed. This study aimed to investigate the antifungal activity of essentials oils (EOs) on drug-resistant Candida vaginal isolates. Method: Therefore, the antimicrobial effect of tea tree, niaouli, white thyme, and cajeput EOs on the planktonic growth of Candida isolates was initially evaluated by an agar disc diffusion method. Then, the vapor-phase effect of tea tree EO (VP-TTEO) on biofilm formation and on pre-formed biofilms was evaluated by crystal violet staining, XTT reduction assay, colony forming units’ enumeration, and scanning electron microscopy. Results: The results revealed high antifungal activity of EOs against drug-resistant Candida isolates. Additionally, the VP-TTEO showed a significant inhibitory effect on the biofilm formation of all tested isolates and was able to provoke an expressive reduction in mature Candida albicans biofilms. Conclusions: Overall, this study suggests that the VP-EO may be a promising solution that is able to prevent biofilm-related VVC caused by antifungal-resistant strains.
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Amrin SS, Lakshmi GJ. Vaginal discharge: The diagnostic enigma. Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS 2021; 42:38-45. [PMID: 34765936 PMCID: PMC8579582 DOI: 10.4103/ijstd.ijstd_92_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vaginal discharge is a common clinical problem with varied etiologies, most common being bacterial vaginosis which presents as homogenous gray discharge caused by overgrowth of facultative and anaerobic bacterial species, next common is vulvovaginal candidiasis characterized by pruritus and cottage cheese like discharge followed by vaginal trichomoniasis associated with copious yellow or green and frothy discharge. This necessitates the need to identify the specific cause of vaginal discharge. Aim To determine the etiology of pathological vaginal discharges in women attending tertiary care hospital. Methodology 698 sexually active females in age group of 15 to 65 years with complaints of vaginal discharge attending Department of Dermatology Venereology and Leprosy at a Tertiary care hospital from June 2017 to May 2018 participated in the study. After presumptive clinical diagnosis vaginal discharge was collected. Wet mounts and 10% KOH preparations were examined immediately. Identification of pathogens was done by Gram stain and culture. Results 18.33% of 698 patients showed vulvovaginal candidiasis, 13.75% had bacterial vaginosis, 1.86% showed trichomoniasis. Gold standard was considered to be culture for candidiasis & trichomoniasis whereas for bacterial vaginosis it was Nugent's score. Conclusions Vaginal discharge is of multiple yet specific etiologies hence simple and minimal tests like microscopy available in most laboratories (supported by culture wherever possible) would help in accurate diagnosis without over or under treatment of patient due to the empirical therapy. Syndromic management of STIs (WHO guidelines) should be used only in non-specific cases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - G Jyothi Lakshmi
- Professor and Head, Depatment of Microbiology, Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Faria-Gonçalves P, Rolo J, Gaspar C, Palmeira-de-Oliveira R, Martinez-de-Oliveira J, Palmeira-de-Oliveira A. Virulence Factors as Promoters of Chronic Vulvovaginal Candidosis: A Review. Mycopathologia 2021; 186:755-773. [PMID: 34613569 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-021-00592-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The vast majority of the species of the genus Candida spp. is commensal in humans; however, some are opportunistic pathogens that can cause infection, called candidosis. Among the different types of candidosis, we highlight the vulvovaginal (VVC) which can occur in two main clinical variants: chronic (cVVC) and episodic or sporadic. The incidence of cVVC has been worrying the scientific community, promoting the research on genotypic and phenotypic causes of its occurrence. We summarize important findings on factors that favor chronic vulvovaginal candidosis with respect to molecular epidemiology and the expression of various virulence factors, while clarifying the terminology involving these infections. AIM AND METHODOLOGY The aim of this review was to gather research that linked virulence factors to VVC and its persistence and recurrence, using two databases (Pubmed and Google Scholar). Predisposing factors in women for the occurrence of cVVC and some studies that refer new preventive and alternative therapies were also included, where appropriate. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Several studies have been shedding light on the increasing number of persistence and recurrences of VVC. The expression of virulence factors has been related to both chronic forms of VVC and antifungal resistance. Other studies report mutations occurring in the genome of Candida spp. during the infection phase which may be important indications for new therapies. The introduction of preventive therapies and new therapies has revealed great importance and is also highlighted here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Faria-Gonçalves
- Health Sciences Research Center, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University Mandume Ya Ndemufayo, Lubango, Angola.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Joana Rolo
- Health Sciences Research Center, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Carlos Gaspar
- Health Sciences Research Center, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.,Health Products Research and Development Lda, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Rita Palmeira-de-Oliveira
- Health Sciences Research Center, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.,Health Products Research and Development Lda, Covilhã, Portugal.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José Martinez-de-Oliveira
- Health Sciences Research Center, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ana Palmeira-de-Oliveira
- Health Sciences Research Center, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.,Health Products Research and Development Lda, Covilhã, Portugal
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5
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Kumar A, Nair R, Kumar M, Banerjee A, Chakrabarti A, Rudramurthy SM, Bagga R, Gaur NA, Mondal AK, Prasad R. Assessment of antifungal resistance and associated molecular mechanism in Candida albicans isolates from different cohorts of patients in North Indian state of Haryana. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2020; 65:747-754. [PMID: 32219719 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-020-00785-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The present study examines the trend in distribution of Candida species and their antifungal resistance patterns in hospitals across Haryana, a North Indian state with poorly addressed epidemiology of fungal infections. In our collection of 228 Candida isolates, Candida albicans dominated in both high vaginal swab (HVS) and urine samples while Candida glabrata and Candida tropicalis were the second-highest non-albicans Candida species (NAC), respectively. Of note, in blood samples, C. tropicalis and C. albicans were present in equal numbers. All 228 isolates were subjected to antifungal susceptibility tests, whereby 51% of C. albicans recovered from HVS samples displayed fluconazole resistance. To understand its mechanistic basis, expression profiling of efflux pump genes CDR1, CDR2, MDR1 and azole drug target, ERG11 was performed in 20 randomly selected resistant isolates, wherein many isolates elicited higher expression. Further, ERG11 gene sequencing suggested that most of the isolates harbored mutations, which are not reported with azole resistance. However, one isolate, RPCA9 (MIC 64 μg/mL) harbored triple mutation (Y132C, F145L, A114V), wherein Y132 and F145 sites were previously implicated in azole resistance. Interestingly, one isolate, (RPCA61) having MIC > 128 μg/mL harbored a novel mutation, G129R. Of note, HVS isolates RPCA 21, RPCA 22, and RPCA 44 (MICs 64 to > 128 μg/mL) did not show any change in alteration in ERG11 or overexpression of efflux pump genes. Together, this study presents a first report of Candida infections in selected hospitals of Haryana State.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Kumar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology and Amity Institute of Integrative Sciences and Health, Amity University Haryana, Amity Education Valley, Gurugram, 122413, India
| | - Remya Nair
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology and Amity Institute of Integrative Sciences and Health, Amity University Haryana, Amity Education Valley, Gurugram, 122413, India
| | - Mohit Kumar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology and Amity Institute of Integrative Sciences and Health, Amity University Haryana, Amity Education Valley, Gurugram, 122413, India.,International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Atanu Banerjee
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology and Amity Institute of Integrative Sciences and Health, Amity University Haryana, Amity Education Valley, Gurugram, 122413, India
| | - Arunaloke Chakrabarti
- The Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Ruchika Bagga
- Fortis Memorial Research Institute (FMRI), Gurugram, India
| | - Naseem A Gaur
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Alok K Mondal
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology and Amity Institute of Integrative Sciences and Health, Amity University Haryana, Amity Education Valley, Gurugram, 122413, India.
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Willems HME, Ahmed SS, Liu J, Xu Z, Peters BM. Vulvovaginal Candidiasis: A Current Understanding and Burning Questions. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6010027. [PMID: 32106438 PMCID: PMC7151053 DOI: 10.3390/jof6010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans, along with other closely related Candida species, are the primary causative agents of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC)-a multifactorial infectious disease of the lower female reproductive tract resulting in pathologic inflammation. Unlike other forms of candidiasis, VVC is a disease of immunocompetent and otherwise healthy women, most predominant during their child-bearing years. While VVC is non-lethal, its high global incidence and profound negative impact on quality-of-life necessitates further understanding of the host and fungal factors that drive disease pathogenesis. In this review, we cover the current state of our understanding of the epidemiology, host response, fungal pathogenicity mechanisms, impact of the microbiome, and novel approaches to treatment of this most prevalent human candidal infection. We also offer insight into the latest advancements in the VVC field and identify important questions that still remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubertine M. E. Willems
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (H.M.E.W.); (J.L.); (Z.X.)
| | - Salman S. Ahmed
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China;
| | - Junyan Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (H.M.E.W.); (J.L.); (Z.X.)
| | - Zhenbo Xu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (H.M.E.W.); (J.L.); (Z.X.)
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China;
| | - Brian M. Peters
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (H.M.E.W.); (J.L.); (Z.X.)
- Correspondence:
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7
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Paknejadi M, Bayat M, Razavilar V. Investigating the Frequency of Candida glabrata in Diabetic Women of Tehran with Recurrent and Non-recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis Using PCR-RFLP Assay. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2019. [DOI: 10.29252/jommid.7.1.2.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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8
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Comparative Analysis of the Capacity of the Candida Species To Elicit Vaginal Immunopathology. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00527-18. [PMID: 30249743 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00527-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The human fungal pathogen Candida albicans is the major etiological agent of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). Despite this fact, other non-albicans Candida (NAC) species have frequently been reported, as well. Despite their presence in the vaginal environment, little is known about their capacities to elicit immune responses classically associated with C. albicans-mediated immunopathology, including neutrophil recruitment and proinflammatory cytokine signaling. Therefore, using a combination of in vitro and in vivo approaches, we undertook a comparative analysis to determine whether a representative panel of NAC species could colonize, induce immunopathological markers, or cause damage at the vaginal mucosa. Using a murine model of VVC, C. albicans was found to induce robust immunopathology (neutrophils and interleukin 1β [IL-1β]) and elicit mucosal damage. However, all the NAC species tested (including C. dubliniensis, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, C. krusei, C. glabrata, and C. auris) induced significantly less damage and neutrophil recruitment than C. albicans, despite achieving similar early colonization levels. These results largely correlated with a notable lack of ability by the NAC species (including C. dubliniensis and C. tropicalis) to form hyphae both in vitro and in vivo Furthermore, both C. dubliniensis and C. tropicalis induced significantly less expression of the ECE1 gene encoding candidalysin, a key fungal virulence determinant driving VVC immunopathology. In order to determine the relative capacities of these species to elicit inflammasome-dependent IL-1β release, both wild-type and NLRP3-/- THP-1 cells were challenged in vitro While most species tested elicited only modest amounts of IL-1β, challenge with C. albicans led to significantly elevated levels that were largely NLRP3 dependent. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that although NAC species are increasingly reported as causative agents of VVC, C. albicans appears to be exceedingly vaginopathogenic, exhibiting robust immunopathology, hypha formation, and candidalysin expression. Thus, this study provides mechanistic insight into why C. albicans is overwhelmingly the major pathogen reported during VVC.
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9
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Borges KRA, Pimentel IV, Lucena LCLDS, Silva MACND, Monteiro SG, Monteiro CA, Nascimento MDDSB, Bezerra GFDB. Adhesion and biofilm formation of Candida parapsilosis isolated from vaginal secretions to copper intrauterine devices. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2018; 60:e59. [PMID: 30365642 PMCID: PMC6199129 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201860059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Candida parapsilosis is one of the main species that is able to adhere to forming biofilms on inert materials. Adhesion is the first step towards the colonization and invasion of host cells during the infectious process. Among the infections, vulvovaginal candidiasis is increasingly common. The objective was to evaluate the profile of adherence and biofilm formation of eight isolates of C. parapsilosis on the metal used in intrauterine devices (IUDs). Methods: Eight strains of C. parapsilosis presenting strong adhesion and biofilm formation properties were isolated from vaginal secretions in a previous study. To assay the adhesion and biofilm formation, copper fragments were made and cultivated in tubes containing 3 mL of phosphate-buffered saline and incubated for 6 and 24 h at 37 °C to evaluate biofilm formation. After incubation, the intensity of adherence and of biofilm formation on copper fragments were determined by performing a colony count. Results: All isolates were able to form biofilms and the isolate Cp62 showed many cells joined in a planktonic mode forming biofilms. The use of an IUD is one of the main factors that favors vulvovaginal candidiasis, and the presence of copper in this device increases the chance of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (CVVR) due to the ease with which species of the genus Candida can adhere to inert surfaces. Conclusion: This research showed that the clinical isolates studied adhered to IUD copper fragments and formed biofilms, further increasing their virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Igor Vinícius Pimentel
- Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde do Adulto, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | | | | | - Silvio Gomes Monteiro
- Universidade Ceuma, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
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10
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Gupta P, Gupta S, Sharma M, Kumar N, Pruthi V, Poluri KM. Effectiveness of Phytoactive Molecules on Transcriptional Expression, Biofilm Matrix, and Cell Wall Components of Candida glabrata and Its Clinical Isolates. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:12201-12214. [PMID: 31459295 PMCID: PMC6645245 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Toxicity challenges by antifungal arsenals and emergence of multidrug resistance scenario has posed a serious threat to global community. To cope up with this alarming situation, phytoactive molecules are richest, safest, and most effective source of broad spectrum antimicrobial compounds. In the present investigation, six phytoactive molecules [cinnamaldehyde (CIN), epigallocatechin, vanillin, eugenol (EUG), furanone, and epigallocatechin gallate] were studied against Candida glabrata and its clinical isolates. Among these, CIN and EUG which are active components of cinnamon and clove essential oils, respectively, exhibited maximum inhibition against planktonic growth of C. glabrata at a concentration of 64 and 128 μg mL-1, respectively. These two molecules effectively inhibited and eradicated approximately 80% biofilm of C. glabrata and its clinical isolates from biomaterials. CIN and EUG increased reactive oxygen species generation, cell lysis, and ergosterol content in plasma membrane and reduced virulence attributes (phospholipase and proteinase) as well as catalase activity of C. glabrata cells. Reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential with increased release of cytochrome c from mitochondria to cytosol indicated initiation of early apoptosis in CIN- and EUG-treated C. glabrata cells. Transcriptional analysis showed that multidrug transporter (CDR1) and ergosterol biosynthesis genes were downregulated in the presence of CIN, while getting upregulated in EUG-treated cells. Interestingly, genes such as 1,3-β-glucan synthase (FKS1), GPI-anchored protein (KRE1), and sterol importer (AUS1) were downregulated upon treatment of CIN/EUG. These results provided molecular-level insights about the antifungal mechanism of CIN and EUG against C. glabrata including its resistant clinical isolate. The current data established that CIN and EUG can be potentially formulated in new antifungal strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payal Gupta
- Department
of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology
Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sonam Gupta
- Department
of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology
Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Meenakshi Sharma
- Department
of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology
Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Navin Kumar
- Department
of Biotechnology, Graphic Era Deemed to
be University, Dehradun 248002, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Vikas Pruthi
- Department
of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology
Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Krishna Mohan Poluri
- Department
of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology
Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
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11
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Troiano G, Mercurio I, Nante N, Lancia M, Bacci M. Candida autovaccination: A new strategy to prevent antifungal resistance? J Infect Prev 2018; 19:201-202. [PMID: 30013626 DOI: 10.1177/1757177418759744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabella Mercurio
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Neurosciences, Hospital Santa Maria alle Scotte, Siena, Italy
| | - Nicola Nante
- Post Graduate School of Public Health, University of Siena, Italy
| | - Massimo Lancia
- Section of Legal Medicine, Forensic Science and Sports Medicine, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Mauro Bacci
- Section of Legal Medicine, Forensic Science and Sports Medicine, University of Perugia, Italy
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