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Moorthy GS, Rubach MP, Maze MJ, Refuerzo RP, Shirima GM, Lukambagire AS, Bodenham RF, Cash-Goldwasser S, Thomas KM, Sakasaka P, Mkenda N, Bowhay TR, Perniciaro JL, Nicholson WL, Kersh GJ, Kazwala RR, Mmbaga BT, Buza JJ, Maro VP, Haydon DT, Crump JA, Halliday JE. Prevalence and risk factors for Q fever, spotted fever group rickettsioses, and typhus group rickettsioses in a pastoralist community of northern Tanzania, 2016-2017. Trop Med Int Health 2024; 29:365-376. [PMID: 38480005 PMCID: PMC11073910 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In northern Tanzania, Q fever, spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsioses, and typhus group (TG) rickettsioses are common causes of febrile illness. We sought to describe the prevalence and risk factors for these zoonoses in a pastoralist community. METHODS Febrile patients ≥2 years old presenting to Endulen Hospital in the Ngorongoro Conservation Area were enrolled from August 2016 through October 2017. Acute and convalescent blood samples were collected, and a questionnaire was administered. Sera were tested by immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) IgG assays using Coxiella burnetii (Phase II), Rickettsia africae, and Rickettsia typhi antigens. Serologic evidence of exposure was defined by an IFA titre ≥1:64; probable cases by an acute IFA titre ≥1:128; and confirmed cases by a ≥4-fold rise in titre between samples. Risk factors for exposure and acute case status were evaluated. RESULTS Of 228 participants, 99 (43.4%) were male and the median (interquartile range) age was 27 (16-41) years. Among these, 117 (51.3%) had C. burnetii exposure, 74 (32.5%) had probable Q fever, 176 (77.2%) had SFG Rickettsia exposure, 134 (58.8%) had probable SFG rickettsioses, 11 (4.8%) had TG Rickettsia exposure, and 4 (1.8%) had probable TG rickettsioses. Of 146 participants with paired sera, 1 (0.5%) had confirmed Q fever, 8 (5.5%) had confirmed SFG rickettsioses, and none had confirmed TG rickettsioses. Livestock slaughter was associated with acute Q fever (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 2.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.38-4.76) and sheep slaughter with SFG rickettsioses case (OR 4.63, 95% CI 1.08-23.50). DISCUSSION Acute Q fever and SFG rickettsioses were detected in participants with febrile illness. Exposures to C. burnetii and to SFG Rickettsia were highly prevalent, and interactions with livestock were associated with increased odds of illness with both pathogens. Further characterisation of the burden and risks for these diseases is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganga S. Moorthy
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States of America
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Matthew P. Rubach
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States of America
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michael J. Maze
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Regina P. Refuerzo
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Gabriel M. Shirima
- Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - AbdulHamid S. Lukambagire
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Shama Cash-Goldwasser
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kate M. Thomas
- Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Nestory Mkenda
- Endulen Hospital, Endulen, Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania
| | - Thomas R. Bowhay
- Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jamie L. Perniciaro
- Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - William L. Nicholson
- Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Gilbert J. Kersh
- Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Rudovick R. Kazwala
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Blandina T. Mmbaga
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Joram J. Buza
- Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Venance P. Maro
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Daniel T. Haydon
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - John A. Crump
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States of America
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania
- Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jo E.B. Halliday
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Moriyón I, Blasco JM, Letesson JJ, De Massis F, Moreno E. Brucellosis and One Health: Inherited and Future Challenges. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2070. [PMID: 37630630 PMCID: PMC10459711 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11082070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
One Health is the collaborative efforts of multiple disciplines to attain optimal health for people, animals and the environment, a concept that historically owes much to the study of brucellosis, including recent political and ethical considerations. Brucellosis One Health actors include Public Health and Veterinary Services, microbiologists, medical and veterinary practitioners and breeders. Brucellosis awareness, and the correct use of diagnostic, epidemiological and prophylactic tools is essential. In brucellosis, One Health implementation faces inherited and new challenges, some aggravated by global warming and the intensification of breeding to meet growing food demands. In endemic scenarios, disease awareness, stakeholder sensitization/engagement and the need to build breeder trust are unresolved issues, all made difficult by the protean characteristics of this zoonosis. Extended infrastructural weaknesses, often accentuated by geography and climate, are critically important. Capacity-building faces misconceptions derived from an uncritical adoption of control/eradication strategies applied in countries with suitable means, and requires additional reference laboratories in endemic areas. Challenges for One Health implementation include the lack of research in species other than cattle and small ruminants, the need for a safer small ruminant vaccine, the need to fill in the infrastructure gap, the need for realistic capacity-building, the creation of reference laboratories in critical areas, and the stepwise implementation of measures not directly transposed from the so-called developed countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Moriyón
- Microbiology and Parasitology Department, Medical School, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - José María Blasco
- Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), 50059 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Jean Jacques Letesson
- Research Unit in Biology of Microorganisms, Narilis, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium;
| | - Fabrizio De Massis
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy;
| | - Edgardo Moreno
- Programa de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia 40104, Costa Rica;
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