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Upadhyay A, Dalvi SV. Microbubble Formulations: Synthesis, Stability, Modeling and Biomedical Applications. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2019; 45:301-343. [PMID: 30527395 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2018.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Microbubbles are increasingly being used in biomedical applications such as ultrasonic imaging and targeted drug delivery. Microbubbles typically range from 0.1 to 10 µm in size and consist of a protective shell made of lipids or proteins. The shell encapsulates a gaseous core containing gases such as oxygen, sulfur hexafluoride or perfluorocarbons. This review is a consolidated account of information available in the literature on research related to microbubbles. Efforts have been made to present an overview of microbubble synthesis techniques; microbubble stability; microbubbles as contrast agents in ultrasonic imaging and drug delivery vehicles; and side effects related to microbubble administration in humans. Developments related to the modeling of microbubble dissolution and stability are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awaneesh Upadhyay
- Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Sameer V Dalvi
- Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, India.
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Kim J, Ahmad A, Li J, Marjanovic M, Chaney EJ, Suslick KS, Boppart SA. Intravascular magnetomotive optical coherence tomography of targeted early-stage atherosclerotic changes in ex vivo hyperlipidemic rabbit aortas. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2016; 9:109-16. [PMID: 25688525 PMCID: PMC4996077 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201400128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We report the development of an intravascular magnetomotive optical coherence tomography (IV-MM-OCT) system used with targeted protein microspheres to detect early-stage atherosclerotic fatty streaks/plaques. Magnetic microspheres (MSs) were injected in vivo in rabbits, and after 30 minutes of in vivo circulation, excised ex vivo rabbit aorta samples specimens were then imaged ex vivo with our prototype IV-MM-OCT system. The alternating magnetic field gradient was provided by a unique pair of external custom-built electromagnetic coils that modulated the targeted magnetic MSs. The results showed a statistically significant MM-OCT signal from the aorta samples specimens injected with targeted MSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongsik Kim
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, USA 61801
| | - Adeel Ahmad
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, USA 61801
| | - Joanne Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, USA 61801
| | - Marina Marjanovic
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, USA 61801
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, USA 61801
| | - Eric J. Chaney
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, USA 61801
| | - Kenneth S. Suslick
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, USA 61801
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, USA 61801
| | - Stephen A. Boppart
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, USA 61801
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, USA 61801
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, USA 61801
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, USA 61801
- Corresponding author: , Phone: +01 217 333 8598, Fax: +01 217 333 5833
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Smith BW, Miller RJ, Wilund KR, O’Brien WD, Erdman JW. Effects of Tomato and Soy Germ on Lipid Bioaccumulation and Atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- Mice. J Food Sci 2015; 80:H1918-25. [PMID: 26173004 PMCID: PMC4606862 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Dietary patterns with cardiovascular benefits have been recommended, but the relative contributions of individual foods and food components, alone or in combination, remain undefined. Male ApoE(-/-) mice were fed either a purified AIN-93G control diet, a Western diet (WD), or a WD with 10% tomato powder (TP), 2% soy germ (SG), or the combination, for 4 wk (n = 10 per group). Plasma total cholesterol and triglycerides were measured with enzymatic colorimetric kits, and serum amyloid A (SAA) was measured by ELISA. Liver lipids were extracted with chloroform:methanol, and triglycerides, free and esterified cholesterol measured with enzymatic colorimetric kits. Expression of Cyp27a1, Cyp7a1, Abcg5, and Abcg8 in the liver was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Sections of the aortic root and aorta were cut and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) to assess extent of atherosclerotic lesions. WD-fed animals had greater liver and adipose weights, plasma cholesterol and SAA, hepatic lipids, and atherosclerosis than AIN-93G animals. TP and SG did not decrease atherosclerosis as measured by H&E-stained sections of the aortic root, aortic arch, and descending aorta. The TP diets further increased plasma cholesterol, but also led to increased expression of the Abcg5/8 transporters involved in cholesterol efflux. Addition of SG alone to the WD attenuated WD-induced increases in plasma cholesterol, liver lipids, and gonadal adipose weight. The results of this study do not support the use of either TP or SG for reduction of atherosclerosis, but suggest some beneficial effects of SG on lipid metabolism in this model of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendon W. Smith
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Bioacoustics Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Rita J. Miller
- Bioacoustics Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Kenneth R. Wilund
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - William D. O’Brien
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Bioacoustics Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - John W. Erdman
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
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Smith BW, Simpson DG, Miller RJ, Erdman JW, O'Brien WD. Contrast Ultrasound Imaging Does Not Affect Heat Shock Protein 70 Expression in Cholesterol-Fed Rabbit Aorta. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2015; 34:1209-1216. [PMID: 26112623 PMCID: PMC4494680 DOI: 10.7863/ultra.34.7.1209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Diagnostic ultrasound imaging is enhanced by the use of circulating microbubble contrast agents (UCAs), but the interactions between ultrasound, UCAs, and vascular tissue are not fully understood. We hypothesized that ultrasound with a UCA would stress the vascular tissue and increase levels of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70), a cellular stress protein. METHODS Male New Zealand White rabbits (n = 32) were fed a standard chow diet (n = 4) or a 1% cholesterol, 10% fat, and 0.11% magnesium diet (n = 28). At 21 days, 24 rabbits on the cholesterol diet were either exposed to ultrasound (3.2-MHz f/3 transducer; 2.1 MPa; mechanical index, 1.17; 10 Hz pulse repetition frequency; 1.6 microseconds pulse duration; 2 minutes exposure duration at 4 sites along the aorta) with the UCA Definity (1× concentration, 1 mL/min; Lantheus Medical Imaging, North Billerica, MA) or sham exposed with a saline vehicle injection (n = 12 per group). Four rabbits on the cholesterol diet and 4 on the chow diet served as cage controls and were not exposed to ultrasound or restrained for blood sample collection. Animals were euthanized 24 hours after exposure, and aortas were quickly isolated and frozen in liquid nitrogen. Aorta lysates from the area of ultrasound exposure were analyzed for Hsp70 level by Western blot. Blood plasma was analyzed for cholesterol, Hsp70, and von Willebrand factor, a marker of endothelial function. RESULTS Plasma total cholesterol levels increased to an average of 705 mg/dL. Ultrasound did not affect plasma von Willebrand factor, plasma Hsp70, or aorta Hsp70. Restraint increased Hsp70 (P < .001, analysis of variance). CONCLUSIONS Restraint, but not ultrasound with the UCA or cholesterol feeding, significantly increased Hsp70.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendon W Smith
- Bioacoustics Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (B.W.S., R.J.M., W.D.O.), Division of Nutritional Sciences (B.W.S., J.W.E., W.D.O.), and Departments of Statistics (D.G.S.) and Food Science and Human Nutrition (J.W.E.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois USA
| | - Douglas G Simpson
- Bioacoustics Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (B.W.S., R.J.M., W.D.O.), Division of Nutritional Sciences (B.W.S., J.W.E., W.D.O.), and Departments of Statistics (D.G.S.) and Food Science and Human Nutrition (J.W.E.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois USA
| | - Rita J Miller
- Bioacoustics Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (B.W.S., R.J.M., W.D.O.), Division of Nutritional Sciences (B.W.S., J.W.E., W.D.O.), and Departments of Statistics (D.G.S.) and Food Science and Human Nutrition (J.W.E.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois USA
| | - John W Erdman
- Bioacoustics Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (B.W.S., R.J.M., W.D.O.), Division of Nutritional Sciences (B.W.S., J.W.E., W.D.O.), and Departments of Statistics (D.G.S.) and Food Science and Human Nutrition (J.W.E.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois USA
| | - William D O'Brien
- Bioacoustics Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (B.W.S., R.J.M., W.D.O.), Division of Nutritional Sciences (B.W.S., J.W.E., W.D.O.), and Departments of Statistics (D.G.S.) and Food Science and Human Nutrition (J.W.E.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois USA.
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Smith BW, Simpson DG, Sarwate S, Miller RJ, Erdman JW, O'Brien WD. Contrast Ultrasound Imaging of the Aorta Does Not Affect Progression of Atherosclerosis or Cardiovascular Biomarkers in ApoE-/- Mice. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2015; 34:1115-1122. [PMID: 26014332 PMCID: PMC4471945 DOI: 10.7863/ultra.34.6.1115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs) enhance cardiovascular ultrasound imaging. Adverse biological effects have occurred after administration of UCAs, and more research is needed for a comprehensive understanding of the risks involved. We used the ApoE(-/-) mouse model of atherosclerosis to characterize the effects of ultrasound and UCAs on atherosclerosis and plasma biomarkers. METHODS Male ApoE(-/-) mice (8 weeks old; n = 24) were intravenously infused with a UCA (2 × 10(10) Definity microbubbles per hour; Lantheus Medical Imaging, North Billerica, MA) and exposed to 2.8-MHz center frequency ultrasound (10 Hz pulse repetition frequency, 1.4 microseconds pulse duration, 2 minutes exposure duration, and 2 sites) at 1 of 3 derated peak rarefactional pressure amplitudes (0, 1.9, or 3.8 MPa), and then consumed either a chow or Western diet for 4 weeks (n = 4 per group). Blood plasma samples were collected before ultrasound exposure and at 2 and 4 weeks after exposure and assayed for total cholesterol and von Willebrand Factor (vWF). A pathologist measured atheroma thickness in formalin-fixed, hematoxylin-eosin-stained transverse aorta sections and scored them for severity of atherosclerosis. RESULTS Plasma total cholesterol initially averaged 286 mg/dL in the Western diet group and increased to 861 mg/dL after 4 weeks on the diet (P < .0001). Total cholesterol did not increase significantly in the chow diet group. Plasma vWF increased after 2 weeks on the Western diet (P < .0001). Atheroma thickness was greater in animals consuming the Western diet than in chow-fed animals (P < .05). Ultrasound had no significant effect on plasma total cholesterol, plasma vWF, or atheroma thickness. CONCLUSIONS Contrast ultrasound did not increase the severity of atherosclerosis or alter cardiovascular biomarkers in the ApoE(-/-) mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendon W Smith
- Bioacoustics Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (B.W.S., S.S., R.J.M., W.D.O.), Division of Nutritional Sciences (B.W.S., J.W.E., W.D.O.), and Departments of Statistics (D.G.S.), Pathology (S.S.), and Food Science and Human Nutrition (J.W.E.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois USA
| | - Douglas G Simpson
- Bioacoustics Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (B.W.S., S.S., R.J.M., W.D.O.), Division of Nutritional Sciences (B.W.S., J.W.E., W.D.O.), and Departments of Statistics (D.G.S.), Pathology (S.S.), and Food Science and Human Nutrition (J.W.E.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois USA
| | - Sandhya Sarwate
- Bioacoustics Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (B.W.S., S.S., R.J.M., W.D.O.), Division of Nutritional Sciences (B.W.S., J.W.E., W.D.O.), and Departments of Statistics (D.G.S.), Pathology (S.S.), and Food Science and Human Nutrition (J.W.E.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois USA
| | - Rita J Miller
- Bioacoustics Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (B.W.S., S.S., R.J.M., W.D.O.), Division of Nutritional Sciences (B.W.S., J.W.E., W.D.O.), and Departments of Statistics (D.G.S.), Pathology (S.S.), and Food Science and Human Nutrition (J.W.E.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois USA
| | - John W Erdman
- Bioacoustics Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (B.W.S., S.S., R.J.M., W.D.O.), Division of Nutritional Sciences (B.W.S., J.W.E., W.D.O.), and Departments of Statistics (D.G.S.), Pathology (S.S.), and Food Science and Human Nutrition (J.W.E.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois USA
| | - William D O'Brien
- Bioacoustics Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (B.W.S., S.S., R.J.M., W.D.O.), Division of Nutritional Sciences (B.W.S., J.W.E., W.D.O.), and Departments of Statistics (D.G.S.), Pathology (S.S.), and Food Science and Human Nutrition (J.W.E.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois USA.
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Magnetomotive optical coherence tomography for the assessment of atherosclerotic lesions using αvβ3 integrin-targeted microspheres. Mol Imaging Biol 2014; 16:36-43. [PMID: 23907212 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-013-0671-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the early-stage fatty streaks/plaques detection using magnetomotive optical coherence tomography (MM-OCT) in conjunction with αvβ3 integrin-targeted magnetic microspheres (MSs). The targeting of functionalized MSs was investigated by perfusing ex vivo aortas from an atherosclerotic rabbit model in a custom-designed flow chamber at physiologically relevant pulsatile flow rates and pressures. PROCEDURES Aortas were extracted and placed in a flow chamber. Magnetic MS contrast agents were perfused through the aortas and MM-OCT, fluorescence confocal, and bright field microscopy were performed on the ex vivo aorta specimens for localizing the MSs. RESULTS The results showed a statistically significant and stronger MM-OCT signal (3.30 ± 1.73 dB) from the aorta segment perfused with targeted MSs, compared with the nontargeted MSs (1.18 ± 0.94 dB) and control (0.78 ± 0.41 dB) aortas. In addition, there was a good co-registration of MM-OCT signals with confocal microscopy. CONCLUSIONS Early-stage fatty streaks/plaques have been successfully detected using MM-OCT in conjunction with αvβ3 integrin-targeted magnetic MSs.
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