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Chen K, Ponnusamy L, Mouhamadou CS, Fodjo BK, Sadia GC, Affoue FPK, Deguenon JM, Roe RM. Internal and external microbiota of home-caught Anopheles coluzzii (Diptera: Culicidae) from Côte d'Ivoire, Africa: Mosquitoes are filthy. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278912. [PMID: 36520830 PMCID: PMC9754230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past 10 years, studies using high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing have shown that mosquitoes harbor diverse bacterial communities in their digestive system. However, no previous research has examined the total bacteria community inside versus outside of mosquitoes and whether bacteria found on the outside could represent a potential health threat through mechanical transfer. We examined the bacterial community of the external surface and internal body of female Anopheles coluzzii adults collected from homes in Côte d'Ivoire, Africa, by Illumina sequencing of the V3 to V4 region of 16S rRNA gene. Anopheles coluzzii is in the Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) species complex and important in the transmission of malaria. The total 16S rRNA reads were assigned to 34 phyla, 73 orders, 325 families, and 700 genera. At the genus level, the most abundant genera inside and outside combined were Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Enterobacter, Corynebacterium, Kocuria, Providencia, and Sphingomonas. Mosquitoes had a greater diversity of bacterial taxa internally compared to the outside. The internal bacterial communities were similar between homes, while the external body samples were significantly different between homes. The bacteria on the external body were associated with plants, human and animal skin, and human and animal infections. Internally, Rickettsia bellii and Rickettsia typhi were found, potentially of importance, since this genus is associated with human diseases. Based on these findings, further research is warranted to assess the potential mechanical transmission of bacteria by mosquitoes moving into homes and the importance of the internal mosquito microbiota in human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiying Chen
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Loganathan Ponnusamy
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LP); (RMR)
| | - Chouaïbou S. Mouhamadou
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Behi Kouadio Fodjo
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques, Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire, Africa
| | | | | | - Jean M. Deguenon
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - R. Michael Roe
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LP); (RMR)
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Andolfo G, Schuster C, Gharsa HB, Ruocco M, Leclerque A. Genomic analysis of the nomenclatural type strain of the nematode-associated entomopathogenic bacterium Providencia vermicola. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:708. [PMID: 34598677 PMCID: PMC8487129 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08027-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enterobacteria of the genus Providencia are mainly known as opportunistic human pathogens but have been isolated from highly diverse natural environments. The species Providencia vermicola comprises insect pathogenic bacteria carried by entomoparasitic nematodes and is investigated as a possible insect biocontrol agent. The recent publication of several genome sequences from bacteria assigned to this species has given rise to inconsistent preliminary results. Results The genome of the nematode-derived P. vermicola type strain DSM_17385 has been assembled into a 4.2 Mb sequence comprising 5 scaffolds and 13 contigs. A total of 3969 protein-encoding genes were identified. Multilocus sequence typing with different marker sets revealed that none of the previously published presumed P. vermicola genomes represents this taxonomic species. Comparative genomic analysis has confirmed a close phylogenetic relationship of P. vermicola to the P. rettgeri species complex. P. vermicola DSM_17385 carries a type III secretion system (T3SS-1) with probable function in host cell invasion or intracellular survival. Potentially antibiotic resistance-associated genes comprising numerous efflux pumps and point-mutated house-keeping genes, have been identified across the P. vermicola genome. A single small (3.7 kb) plasmid identified, pPVER1, structurally belongs to the qnrD-type family of fluoroquinolone resistance conferring plasmids that is prominent in Providencia and Proteus bacteria, but lacks the qnrD resistance gene. Conclusions The sequence reported represents the first well-supported published genome for the taxonomic species P. vermicola to be used as reference in further comparative genomics studies on Providencia bacteria. Due to a striking difference in the type of injectisome encoded by the respective genomes, P. vermicola might operate a fundamentally different mechanism of entomopathogenicity when compared to insect-pathogenic Providencia sneebia or Providencia burhodogranariea. The complete absence of antibiotic resistance gene carrying plasmids or mobile genetic elements as those causing multi drug resistance phenomena in clinical Providencia strains, is consistent with the invertebrate pathogen P. vermicola being in its natural environment efficiently excluded from the propagation routes of multidrug resistance (MDR) carrying genetic elements operating between human pathogens. Susceptibility to MDR plasmid acquisition will likely become a major criterion in the evaluation of P. vermicola for potential applications in biological pest control. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-08027-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Andolfo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Università 100, 80055, Portici, Italy.
| | - Christina Schuster
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstraße 10, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Haifa Ben Gharsa
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstraße 10, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Michelina Ruocco
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante (IPSP), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Piazzale Enrico Fermi 1, 80055, Portici, Italy
| | - Andreas Leclerque
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstraße 10, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany. .,Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante (IPSP), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Piazzale Enrico Fermi 1, 80055, Portici, Italy.
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Wei X, Li Y, Jiang S, Shi H, Zhao R, Yuan Z, Bai Y, Li Y, Feng Q, Zhao X. Sensitive and rapid detection of cytolethal distending toxin encoding genes in Providencia alcalifaciens. J Microbiol Methods 2021; 181:106143. [PMID: 33428969 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2021.106143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cytolethal distending toxins (CDTs) produced by P. alcalifaciens are considered as potential virulence factors. A loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method for the detection of cdtA, cdtB, and cdtC genes was established which showed high specificity and strong sensitivity. The LAMP assay showed a detection threshold was 3.13 pg/μl within 40 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wei
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of PLA, No. 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, 100071 Beijing, China
| | - Yan Li
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of PLA, No. 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, 100071 Beijing, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of PLA, No. 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, 100071 Beijing, China
| | - Hua Shi
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of PLA, No. 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, 100071 Beijing, China
| | - Rongtao Zhao
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of PLA, No. 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, 100071 Beijing, China
| | - Zhengquan Yuan
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of PLA, No. 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, 100071 Beijing, China
| | - Ying Bai
- No. 518 Hospital of PLA, Shanxi, Xi'an 710043, China
| | - Yan Li
- No. 518 Hospital of PLA, Shanxi, Xi'an 710043, China
| | - Qunling Feng
- No. 518 Hospital of PLA, Shanxi, Xi'an 710043, China.
| | - Xiangna Zhao
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of PLA, No. 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, 100071 Beijing, China.
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Isolation and Molecular Identification and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Providencia spp. from Raw Cow's Milk in Baghdad, Iraq. Vet Med Int 2020; 2020:8874747. [PMID: 33456748 PMCID: PMC7787866 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8874747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of sixty raw milk samples were collected from (street vendors and shops) from Baghdad city, Iraq. The samples were inoculated into peptone water and, then, subcultured onto MacConkey agar and Blood agar. Identification of isolates was confirmed by microscopic examination, cultural characteristic, biochemical tests, Vitek (VITEK®2 system), and Biolog GN substrate reactions followed by 16S rRNA and specific genes sequencing. Of 60 raw cow's milk samples, Providencia spp. were identified only in 4 samples (6.67%) and P. rettgeri was the most common, 2/4 (50%), followed by P. stuartii and P. vermicola, 1/4 (25%). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were conducted against ten antibiotics by the disc diffusion method. All Providencia isolates showed multidrug resistance (MDR), and the absolute resistant was 100% to tetracycline, erythromycin, and doxycycline and 50% against ampicillin\sulbactam and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. They were highly susceptible (100%) to trimethoprim, imipenem, and chloramphenicol. These findings indicate that milk might be contaminated with Providencia spp. leading to transmission to humans causing poisoning, diarrhea, and other infections. This is the first study of isolated Providencia spp. from raw cow's milk.
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Isolation and genomic characterization of a pathogenic Providencia rettgeri strain G0519 in turtle Trachemys scripta. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2020; 113:1633-1662. [PMID: 32951105 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-020-01469-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Providencia rettgeri infection has occurred occasionally in aquaculture, but is rare in turtles. Here, a pathogenic P. rettgeri strain G0519 was isolated from a diseased slider turtle (Trachemys scripta) in China, and qPCR assay was established for the RTX toxin (rtxD) gene. Histopathological examination showed that many inflammatory cells were infiltrated into heart, liver and intestine, as well as the necrosis of liver, kidney and spleen. The genome consisted of one circular chromosome (4.493 Mb) and one plasmid (18.8 kb), and predicted to contain 4170 and 19 protein-coding genes, respectively. Multiple pathogenic and virulence factors (e.g., fimbria, adhesion, invasion, toxin, hemolysin, chemotaxis, secretion system), multidrug-resistant genes (e.g., ampC, per-1, oxa-1, sul1, tetR) and a novel genomic resistance island PRI519 were identified. Comparative genome analysis revealed the closest relationship was with P. rettgeri, and with P. heimbachae closer than with other Providencia spp. To our knowledge, this was first report on genomic characterization of multidrug-resistant pathogenic P. rettgeri in cultured turtles.
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Antibiotic Resistance in Enterobacteriaceae Family Members Isolated from Horses Used for Animal Traction. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.14.2.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Interaction between Host MicroRNAs and the Gut Microbiota in Colorectal Cancer. mSystems 2018; 3:mSystems00205-17. [PMID: 29795787 PMCID: PMC5954203 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00205-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have found an association between colorectal cancer (CRC) and the gut microbiota. One potential mechanism by which the microbiota can influence host physiology is through affecting gene expression in host cells. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNA molecules that can regulate gene expression and have important roles in cancer development. Here, we investigated the link between the gut microbiota and the expression of miRNA in CRC. We found that dozens of miRNAs are differentially regulated in CRC tumors and adjacent normal colon and that these miRNAs are correlated with the abundance of microbes in the tumor microenvironment. Moreover, we found that microbes that have been previously associated with CRC are correlated with miRNAs that regulate genes related to interactions with microbes. Notably, these miRNAs likely regulate glycan production, which is important for the recruitment of pathogenic microbial taxa to the tumor. This work provides a first systems-level map of the association between microbes and host miRNAs in the context of CRC and provides targets for further experimental validation and potential interventions. Although variation in gut microbiome composition has been linked with colorectal cancer (CRC), the factors that mediate the interactions between CRC tumors and the microbiome are poorly understood. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are known to regulate CRC progression and are associated with patient survival outcomes. In addition, recent studies suggested that host miRNAs can also regulate bacterial growth and influence the composition of the gut microbiome. Here, we investigated the association between miRNA expression and microbiome composition in human CRC tumor and normal tissues. We identified 76 miRNAs as differentially expressed (DE) in tissue from CRC tumors and normal tissue, including the known oncogenic miRNAs miR-182, miR-503, and mir-17~92 cluster. These DE miRNAs were correlated with the relative abundances of several bacterial taxa, including Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria. Bacteria correlated with DE miRNAs were enriched with distinct predicted metabolic categories. Additionally, we found that miRNAs that correlated with CRC-associated bacteria are predicted to regulate targets that are relevant for host-microbiome interactions and highlight a possible role for miRNA-driven glycan production in the recruitment of pathogenic microbial taxa. Our work characterized a global relationship between microbial community composition and miRNA expression in human CRC tissues. IMPORTANCE Recent studies have found an association between colorectal cancer (CRC) and the gut microbiota. One potential mechanism by which the microbiota can influence host physiology is through affecting gene expression in host cells. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNA molecules that can regulate gene expression and have important roles in cancer development. Here, we investigated the link between the gut microbiota and the expression of miRNA in CRC. We found that dozens of miRNAs are differentially regulated in CRC tumors and adjacent normal colon and that these miRNAs are correlated with the abundance of microbes in the tumor microenvironment. Moreover, we found that microbes that have been previously associated with CRC are correlated with miRNAs that regulate genes related to interactions with microbes. Notably, these miRNAs likely regulate glycan production, which is important for the recruitment of pathogenic microbial taxa to the tumor. This work provides a first systems-level map of the association between microbes and host miRNAs in the context of CRC and provides targets for further experimental validation and potential interventions.
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DI H, Liang S, Li Q, Shi L, Shima A, Meng H, Yan H, Yamasaki S. Providencia in retail meats from Guangzhou, China and Osaka, Japan: prevalence, antimicrobial resistance and characterization of classes 1, 2 and 3 integrons. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:829-835. [PMID: 29553069 PMCID: PMC5989031 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria of the genus Providencia are opportunistic pathogens of clinical significance due to their association with diarrhea and urinary tract infections. The present
study was conducted to examine the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Providencia spp. in retail meats sold in Guangzhou, China and Osaka, Japan. Out of 158 meat
samples including beef, pork and chicken, 67 Providencia (42%) belonging to four species viz., P. alcalifaciens, P.
rustigianii, P. stuartii and P. rettgeri were isolated, and most of them were resistant to tetracycline (91%) followed by ampicillin
(69%) and streptomycin (49%). Of 67 isolates, 29 (43%) were MDR, which is defined to be resistant to more than three classes of antimicrobials. No statistically significant differences were
observed between Chinese and Japanese retail meat samples regarding contamination rate of Providencia spp. as well as frequency of the antimicrobial resistance of the
isolates including MDR. Class 1 and/or class 2 integrons were detected in six of the eight isolates that were resistant to more than 4 antimicrobials, however none of the isolates harbored
class 3 integron. A P. rustigianii harboring the blaOXA-10 gene was isolated, which is the first report of Providencia with
blaOXA-10 gene of food origin. These data suggest that retail meats in China and Japan are substantially contaminated with Providencia spp.,
which displayed a high frequency of antimicrobial resistance, and establishing the surveillance of Providencia spp., especially antimicrobial resistant one, in retail meats
is imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling DI
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.,Research Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.,Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Sisi Liang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Qingyang Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Research Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.,State Key Laboratory of Food Safety Technology for Meat Products, Xiamen Yinxiang Group Co., Ltd., Xiamen 361100, China
| | - Ayaka Shima
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Hecheng Meng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - He Yan
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shinji Yamasaki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
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Shima A, Hinenoya A, Samosornsuk W, Samosornsuk S, Mungkornkaew N, Yamasaki S. Prevalence of Providencia Strains among Patients with Diarrhea and in Retail Meats in Thailand. Jpn J Infect Dis 2016; 69:323-5. [DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2015.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Shima
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University
| | - Atsushi Hinenoya
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University
| | - Worada Samosornsuk
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences Thammasat University
| | - Seksun Samosornsuk
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences Thammasat University
| | | | - Shinji Yamasaki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University
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Burns MB, Lynch J, Starr TK, Knights D, Blekhman R. Virulence genes are a signature of the microbiome in the colorectal tumor microenvironment. Genome Med 2015; 7:55. [PMID: 26170900 PMCID: PMC4499914 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-015-0177-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The human gut microbiome is associated with the development of colon cancer, and recent studies have found changes in the microbiome in cancer patients compared to healthy controls. Studying the microbial communities in the tumor microenvironment may shed light on the role of host–bacteria interactions in colorectal cancer. Here, we highlight the major shifts in the colorectal tumor microbiome relative to that of matched normal colon tissue from the same individual, allowing us to survey the microbial communities in the tumor microenvironment and providing intrinsic control for environmental and host genetic effects on the microbiome. Methods We sequenced the microbiome in 44 primary tumor and 44 patient-matched normal colon tissue samples to determine differentially abundant microbial taxa These data were also used to functionally characterize the microbiome of the cancer and normal sample pairs and identify functional pathways enriched in the tumor-associated microbiota. Results We find that tumors harbor distinct microbial communities compared to nearby healthy tissue. Our results show increased microbial diversity in the tumor microenvironment, with changes in the abundances of commensal and pathogenic bacterial taxa, including Fusobacterium and Providencia. While Fusobacterium has previously been implicated in colorectal cancer, Providencia is a novel tumor-associated agent which has not been identified in previous studies. Additionally, we identified a clear, significant enrichment of predicted virulence-associated genes in the colorectal cancer microenvironment, likely dependent upon the genomes of Fusobacterium and Providencia. Conclusions This work identifies bacterial taxa significantly correlated with colorectal cancer, including a novel finding of an elevated abundance of Providencia in the tumor microenvironment. We also describe the predicted metabolic pathways and enzymes differentially present in the tumor-associated microbiome, and show an enrichment of virulence-associated bacterial genes in the tumor microenvironment. This predicted virulence enrichment supports the hypothesis that the microbiome plays an active role in colorectal cancer development and/or progression. Our results provide a starting point for future prognostic and therapeutic research with the potential to improve patient outcomes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13073-015-0177-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Burns
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA ; Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Joshua Lynch
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA ; Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Timothy K Starr
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA ; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA ; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Dan Knights
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA ; Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Ran Blekhman
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA ; Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
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Ciccarelli S, Stolfi I, Caramia G. Management strategies in the treatment of neonatal and pediatric gastroenteritis. Infect Drug Resist 2013; 6:133-61. [PMID: 24194646 PMCID: PMC3815002 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s12718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute gastroenteritis, characterized by the onset of diarrhea with or without vomiting, continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children in mostly resource-constrained nations. Although generally a mild and self-limiting disease, gastroenteritis is one of the most common causes of hospitalization and is associated with a substantial disease burden. Worldwide, up to 40% of children aged less than 5 years with diarrhea are hospitalized with rotavirus. Also, some microorganisms have been found predominantly in resource-constrained nations, including Shigella spp, Vibrio cholerae, and the protozoan infections. Prevention remains essential, and the rotavirus vaccines have demonstrated good safety and efficacy profiles in large clinical trials. Because dehydration is the major complication associated with gastroenteritis, appropriate fluid management (oral or intravenous) is an effective and safe strategy for rehydration. Continuation of breastfeeding is strongly recommended. New treatments such as antiemetics (ondansetron), some antidiarrheal agents (racecadotril), and chemotherapeutic agents are often proposed, but not yet universally recommended. Probiotics, also known as "food supplement," seem to improve intestinal microbial balance, reducing the duration and the severity of acute infectious diarrhea. The European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and the European Society of Paediatric Infectious Diseases guidelines make a stronger recommendation for the use of probiotics for the management of acute gastroenteritis, particularly those with documented efficacy such as Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, Lactobacillus reuteri, and Saccharomyces boulardii. To date, the management of acute gastroenteritis has been based on the option of "doing the least": oral rehydration-solution administration, early refeeding, no testing, no unnecessary drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Ciccarelli
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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