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Campos Calero G, Caballero Gómez N, Benomar N, Pérez Montoro B, Knapp CW, Gálvez A, Abriouel H. Deciphering Resistome and Virulome Diversity in a Porcine Slaughterhouse and Pork Products Through Its Production Chain. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2099. [PMID: 30258416 PMCID: PMC6144875 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to better understand resistome and virulome patterns on animal and process-area surfaces through a pig slaughterhouse to track possible contamination within the food production chain. Culture-dependent methods revealed high levels of microbial contamination, corresponding to mesophilic and pathogenic bacteria on both the animal and process-area surfaces mainly in the anesthesia (AA and AS) zone followed by “scorching and whip” (FA and FS) zone and also in the end products. To evaluate the potential risk of antibiotic resistance and virulence determinants, shotgun metagenomic DNA-sequencing of isolates from selected areas/products uncovered a high diversity and richness of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs): 55–62 genes in the anesthesia area (AA and AS) and 35–40 in “animal-arrival zone” (MA and MS). The “scorching and whip” (FA and FS) area, however, exhibited lowered abundance of ARGs (1–6), indicating that the scalding and depilating process (an intermediate zone between “anesthesia” and “scorching and whip”) significantly decreased bacterial load by 1–3 log10 but also diminished the resistome. The high prevalence of antibiotic-inactivating enzyme genes in the “animal-arrival zone” (60–65%) and “anesthesia” area (56%) were mainly represented by those for aminoglycoside (46–51%) and lincosamide (14–19%) resistance, which did not reflect selective pressures by antibiotics most commonly used in pig therapy—tetracyclines and beta-lactams. Contrary to ARGs, greater number of virulence resistance genes were detected after evisceration in some products such as kidney, which reflected the poor hygienic practices. More than 19 general virulence features—mainly adherence, secretion system, chemotaxis and motility, invasion and motility were detected in some products. However, immune evasion determinants were detected in almost all samples analyzed from the beginning of the process, with highest amounts found from the anesthesia area. We conclude that there are two main sources of contamination in a pig slaughterhouse: the microorganisms carried on the animals’ hide, and those from the evisceration step. As such, focussing control measures, e.g., enhanced disinfection procedures, on these contamination-source areas may reduce risks to food safety and consumer health, since the antibiotic and virulence determinants may spread to end products and the environment; further, ARG and virulence traits can exacerbate pathogen treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Campos Calero
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Natacha Caballero Gómez
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Nabil Benomar
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Beatriz Pérez Montoro
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Charles W Knapp
- Centre for Water, Environment, Sustainability & Public Health, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio Gálvez
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Hikmate Abriouel
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain
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Serological survey on Leptospira infection in slaughtered swine in North-Central Italy. Epidemiol Infect 2018; 146:1275-1280. [PMID: 29843827 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268818001358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine can act as asymptomatic carriers of some Leptospira serovars. In this study, 1194 sera from 61 farms located in five different Regions of North-West Italy were collected from slaughtered healthy pigs. Presence of antibody against four Leptospira serovars was evaluated. Overall, 52.5% of analysed farms presented at least one positive animal and 34.4% presented at least one positive swine with titre ⩾1:400. A percentage of 16.6% sera was positive and 5.9% samples presented a positive titre ⩾1:400. Tuscany and Lombardy showed the highest percentage of positive farms (64.3% and 54.6%, respectively) and sera (28.5% and 13.3%, respectively), probably due to environmental conditions and potential risk factors, which promote maintenance and spreading of Leptospira in these areas. The main represented serogroups were Australis (21.3% positive farms, 8.2% positive sera) and Pomona (18.0% positive farms, 8.1% positive sera). In swine, these serogroups are the most detected worldwide; however, our results seem to highlight a reemerging of serogroup Pomona in pigs in investigated areas. A low percentage of sera (0.6%) scored positive to Canicola, leaving an open question on the role of pigs in the epidemiology of this serovar. Higher antibody titres were detected for serogroups Australis and Pomona. Swine leptospirosis is probably underestimated in Italy and could represent a potential risk for animal and human health.
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Pavio N, Doceul V, Bagdassarian E, Johne R. Recent knowledge on hepatitis E virus in Suidae reservoirs and transmission routes to human. Vet Res 2017; 48:78. [PMID: 29157309 PMCID: PMC5696788 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-017-0483-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes self-limiting acute hepatitis in humans that can eventually result in acute liver failures or progress to chronic infections. While in tropical and sub-tropical areas, HEV infections are associated with important waterborne epidemics, in Northern countries, HEV infections are autochthonous with a zoonotic origin. In the past decade, it has become clear that certain HEV genotypes are zoonotic and that swine, and more generally Suidae, are the main reservoir. Zoonotic transmissions of the virus may occur via direct contact with infected pigs, wild boars or consumption of contaminated meat. This review describes the current knowledge on domestic and wild Suidae as reservoirs of HEV and the evidence of the different routes of HEV transmission between these animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Pavio
- Animal Health Laboratory, UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
- UMR 1161 Virology, INRA, Maisons-Alfort, France
- UMR 1161 Virology, PRES University Paris 12, National Veterinary School, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Virginie Doceul
- Animal Health Laboratory, UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
- UMR 1161 Virology, INRA, Maisons-Alfort, France
- UMR 1161 Virology, PRES University Paris 12, National Veterinary School, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Eugénie Bagdassarian
- Animal Health Laboratory, UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
- UMR 1161 Virology, INRA, Maisons-Alfort, France
- UMR 1161 Virology, PRES University Paris 12, National Veterinary School, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Reimar Johne
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
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Olkkola S, Kovanen S, Roine J, Hänninen ML, Hielm-Björkman A, Kivistö R. Population Genetics and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Canine Campylobacter Isolates Collected before and after a Raw Feeding Experiment. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132660. [PMID: 26172151 PMCID: PMC4501809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, increasing numbers of consumers have become interested in feeding raw food for their pet dogs as opposed to commercial dry food, in the belief of health advantages. However, raw meat and internal organs, possibly contaminated by pathogens such as Campylobacter spp., may pose a risk of transmission of zoonoses to the pet owners. Campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in humans but C. upsaliensis has also been associated with human disease. In this study we investigated the effect of different feeding strategies on the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in Finnish dogs. We further characterized the isolates using multilocus sequence typing (MLST), whole-genome (wg) MLST and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Dogs were sampled before and after a feeding period consisting of commercial raw feed or dry pellet feed. Altogether 56% (20/36) of the dogs yielded at least one Campylobacter-positive fecal sample. C. upsaliensis was the major species detected from 39% of the dogs before and 30% after the feeding period. Two C. jejuni isolates were recovered, both from raw-fed dogs after the dietary regimen. The isolates represented the same genotype (ST-1326), suggesting a common infection source. However, no statistically significant correlation was found between the feeding strategies and Campylobacter spp. carriage. The global genealogy of MLST types of dog and human C. upsaliensis isolates revealed weakly clonal population structure as most STs were widely dispersed. Major antimicrobial resistance among C. upsaliensis isolates was against streptomycin (STR MIC > 4 mg/l). Apart from that, all isolates were highly susceptible against the antimicrobials tested. Mutations were found in the genes rpsL or rpsL and rsmG in streptomycin resistant isolates. In conclusion, increasing trend to feed dogs with raw meat warrants more studies to evaluate the risk associated with raw feeding of pets in transmission of zoonoses to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satu Olkkola
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sara Kovanen
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Roine
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marja-Liisa Hänninen
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Hielm-Björkman
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rauni Kivistö
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Ashraf SH, Azza SMA, Afaf MEE, Magdy AB, Seham AI. Prevalence of some food poisoning bacteria in local and imported retail pork by-products in Egyptian markets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5897/ajmr2015.7552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Sasaki Y, Haruna M, Murakami M, Hayashida M, Takahashi N, Urushiyama T, Ito K, Yamada Y. Contamination of poultry products with Listeria monocytogenes at poultry processing plants. J Vet Med Sci 2013; 76:129-32. [PMID: 24018827 PMCID: PMC3979953 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.13-0267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to confirm that poultry products packed at poultry processing plants have already been contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes and that poultry products contaminated with L. monocytogenes are derived from broiler flocks infected with L. monocytogenes. L. monocytogenes was isolated from 16.8% (58/345) of chicken breast products and 2.3% (8/345) of chicken liver products. In contrast, L. monocytogenes was isolated from the pooled cecal content sample from only 1 (4%) of 25 flocks and was never isolated from any pooled dropping samples collected from 25 farms. The results of our study indicate that cecal content does not seem to be an important source of L. monocytogenes in poultry products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimasa Sasaki
- Food Safety and Consumer Affairs Bureau, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 1-2-1, Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8950, Japan
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