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Sánchez-Anguiano LF, Velázquez-Hernández N, Guerra-Infante FM, Aguilar-Durán M, Pérez-Álamos AR, Estrada-Martínez S, Navarrete-Flores JA, Sandoval-Carrillo AA, Antuna-Salcido EI, Hernández-Tinoco J, Alvarado-Esquivel C. Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis Infection Diagnosed by Polymerase Chain Reaction in Female Sex Workers in a Northern Mexican City. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2019; 9:5-8. [PMID: 30967969 PMCID: PMC6444802 DOI: 10.1556/1886.2018.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We aimed to determine the association between Chlamydia trachomatis infection and female sex work, and the association between sociodemographic, obstetric, and behavioral characteristics of female sex workers and C. trachomatis infection. Methods Through a case–control study design, we studied 201 female sex workers and 201 age-matched women without sex work in Durango City, Mexico. C. trachomatis DNA was detected in cervical swab samples using polymerase chain reaction. Results C. trachomatis DNA was detected in 32 (15.9%) of the 201 cases and in 6 (3.0%) of the 201 controls (odds ratio [OR] = 6.15; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.5–15.0; P < 0.001). The frequency of infection with C. trachomatis in female sex workers did not vary (P > 0.05) regardless of the history of pregnancies, deliveries, cesarean sections, or miscarriages. Regression analysis of the behavioral characteristics showed that infection with C. trachomatis was associated only with consumption of alcohol (OR = 2.39; 95% CI: 1.0–5.71; P = 0.04). Conclusions: We conclude that C. trachomatis infection is associated with female sex work in Durango City, Mexico. This is the first age-matched case–control study on the prevalence of C. trachomatis infection in female sex workers in Mexico using detection of C. trachomatis DNA in cervical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Francisco Sánchez-Anguiano
- Institute for Scientific Research "Dr. Roberto Rivera-Damm ", Juárez University of Durango State, Avenida Universidad S/N, 34000 Durango, Mexico
| | - Nadia Velázquez-Hernández
- Institute for Scientific Research "Dr. Roberto Rivera-Damm ", Juárez University of Durango State, Avenida Universidad S/N, 34000 Durango, Mexico
| | - Fernando Martín Guerra-Infante
- Departamento de Infectología, Laboratorio de Virología del Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Departamento de Microbiología de la Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biólogicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, D.F México
| | - Marisela Aguilar-Durán
- Institute for Scientific Research "Dr. Roberto Rivera-Damm ", Juárez University of Durango State, Avenida Universidad S/N, 34000 Durango, Mexico
| | - Alma Rosa Pérez-Álamos
- Institute for Scientific Research "Dr. Roberto Rivera-Damm ", Juárez University of Durango State, Avenida Universidad S/N, 34000 Durango, Mexico
| | - Sergio Estrada-Martínez
- Institute for Scientific Research "Dr. Roberto Rivera-Damm ", Juárez University of Durango State, Avenida Universidad S/N, 34000 Durango, Mexico
| | - José Antonio Navarrete-Flores
- Institute for Scientific Research "Dr. Roberto Rivera-Damm ", Juárez University of Durango State, Avenida Universidad S/N, 34000 Durango, Mexico
| | - Ada Agustina Sandoval-Carrillo
- Institute for Scientific Research "Dr. Roberto Rivera-Damm ", Juárez University of Durango State, Avenida Universidad S/N, 34000 Durango, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Irasema Antuna-Salcido
- Institute for Scientific Research "Dr. Roberto Rivera-Damm ", Juárez University of Durango State, Avenida Universidad S/N, 34000 Durango, Mexico
| | - Jesús Hernández-Tinoco
- Faculty of Medicine and Nutrition, Juárez University of Durango State, Avenida Universidad S/N, 34000 Durango, Mexico
| | - Cosme Alvarado-Esquivel
- Faculty of Medicine and Nutrition, Juárez University of Durango State, Avenida Universidad S/N, 34000 Durango, Mexico
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Thomas P, Spaargaren J, Kant R, Lawrence R, Dayal A, Lal JA, Morré SA. Burden of Chlamydia trachomatis in India: a systematic literature review. Pathog Dis 2018; 75:3861257. [PMID: 28582495 PMCID: PMC5808648 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftx055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis (hereafter CT) is Gram-negative, obligate intracellular pathogen. It causes the world's most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease. India is home to the world's greatest burden of infectious diseases, yet information on prevalence rates of CT is scarce. This article systematically reviews the literature for the prevalence rates and testing methods in India. A total of 27 studies were included. Four main patients groups (symptomatic women, infertile women, pregnant women and asymptomatic population groups) could be identified with varying rates of CT (0.1%-32% using PCR, 2.4%-75% using ELISA serology). Most of the studies originated from urban settings, 11 of them from New Delhi. In-house PCR was the most common diagnostic technique used generating the following ranges in prevalence for the four group studies: symptomatic women 10%-50%, pregnant women 0.1%-2.5% and asymptomatic populations 0.9%-24.5%. The rates among infertile women were 9%-68% based on serology results. The prevalence rates featured in this paper are in line with other locations across the Indian subcontinent. This review highlights the extreme heterogeneity in the limited studies available in India on CT and the need for standardized guidelines for diagnosis and management of CT in India. The availability of resources should be considered in the formulation of recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Thomas
- Institute for Public Health Genomics (IPHG), Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Research School GROW (School for Oncology and Developmental Biology), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200 MD, the Netherlands
| | - Joke Spaargaren
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland 1081HV, the Netherlands
| | - Rajiv Kant
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Engineering, Jacob Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh 211007, India
| | - Rubina Lawrence
- Department of Industrial Microbiology, Jacob Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh 211007, India
| | - Arvind Dayal
- Shalom Institute Of Health and Allied Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh 211007, India
| | - Jonathan A Lal
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Engineering, Jacob Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh 211007, India
| | - Servaas A Morré
- Institute for Public Health Genomics (IPHG), Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Research School GROW (School for Oncology and Developmental Biology), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200 MD, the Netherlands.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland 1081HV, the Netherlands.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Engineering, Jacob Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh 211007, India
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