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Geng S, Hao P, Wang D, Zhong P, Tian F, Zhang R, Qiao J, Qiu X, Bao P. Zinc oxide nanoparticles have biphasic roles on Mycobacterium-induced inflammation by activating autophagy and ferroptosis mechanisms in infected macrophages. Microb Pathog 2023; 180:106132. [PMID: 37201638 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The ability of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) to induce bacteriostasis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) and their roles in regulating the pathogenic activities of immune cells have been reported previously, but the specific mechanisms underlying these regulatory functions remain unclear. This work aimed to determine how ZnONPs play the antibacterial role against M. tb. In vitro activity assays were employed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the ZnONPs against various strains of M. tb (BCG, H37Rv, and clinical susceptible MDR and XDR strains). The ZnONPs had MICs of 0.5-2 mg/L against all tested isolates. In addition, changes in the expression levels of autophagy and ferroptosis-related markers in BCG-infected macrophages exposed to ZnONPs were measured. BCG-infected mice that were administered ZnONPs were used to determine the ZnONPs functions in vivo. ZnONPs decreased the number of bacteria engulfed by the macrophages in a dose-dependent manner, while different doses of ZnONPs also affected inflammation in different directions. Although ZnONPs enhanced the BCG-induced autophagy of macrophages in a dose-dependent manner, only low doses of ZnONPs activated autophagy mechanisms by increasing the levels of pro-inflammatory factors. The ZnONPs also enhanced BCG-induced ferroptosis of macrophages at high doses. Co-administration of a ferroptosis inhibitor with the ZnONPs improved the anti-Mycobacterium activity of ZnONPs in an in vivo mouse model and alleviated acute lung injury caused by ZnONPs. Based on the above findings, we conclude that ZnONPs may act as potential antibacterial agents in future animal and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- SiJia Geng
- Graduate School, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei Province, 075000, PR China
| | - PengFei Hao
- Graduate School, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei Province, 075000, PR China
| | - Di Wang
- The Eighth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Faculty of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100093, PR China
| | - Pengfei Zhong
- Graduate School, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei Province, 075000, PR China
| | - Fangfang Tian
- The Eighth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Faculty of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100093, PR China
| | - Rui Zhang
- The Eighth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Faculty of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100093, PR China
| | - Juan Qiao
- The Eighth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Faculty of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100093, PR China.
| | - Xiaochen Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, The Eighth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100093, PR China.
| | - Pengtao Bao
- The Eighth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Faculty of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100093, PR China.
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2
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Zhang S, Tong X, Wang L, Zhang T, Huang J, Wang D, Wang L, Fan H. Clinical Characteristics and Prognostic Analysis of Patients With Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Type 2 Diabetes Comorbidity in China: A Retrospective Analysis. Front Public Health 2021; 9:710981. [PMID: 34513785 PMCID: PMC8424072 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.710981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the leading communicable diseases, with significant morbidity and mortality. Diabetes can increase the risk of developing TB and the related adverse outcomes. This study retrospectively analyzed the clinical characteristics and prognosis of patients with pulmonary TB and type 2 diabetes comorbidity. Methods: About 282 cases with pulmonary TB and type 2 diabetes comorbidity were identified from West China Hospital between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2016, and were followed up for at least 3 years. We further used Kaplan–Meier methods and COX regression analysis to identify the influence factors for all-cause death. Results: Compared to the survival patients, patients who died were older, exhibited significantly lower albumin and hemoglobin levels, but higher Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) score at admission, and had a lower usage rate of metformin. The all-cause mortality rates at 1 and 5 years were 5.67 and 20.59%, separately. For 1-year all-cause death, higher albumin level (HR = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.81–0.99) was the independently protective factor, but older age (HR = 1.07, 95% CI: 1.01–1.13) and CCI score ≥3 (HR = 6.77, 95% CI: 1.40–32.69) were the independent risk factors. For long-term all-cause death, higher albumin level (HR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.88–1.00), the use of metformin (HR = 0.21, 95% CI: 0.07–0.59), insulin (HR = 0.27, 95% CI: 0.10–0.74), or sulfonylureas (HR = 0.23, 95% CI: 0.07–0.74) were the independently protective factors, but older age (HR = 1.03, 95% CI: 1.00–1.07) and CCI score ≥3 (HR = 7.15, 95% CI: 2.56–19.92) were the independent risk factors. Conclusions: The lower albumin level, older age, and CCI score ≥3 were predictors of all-cause death in patients with pulmonary TB and type 2 diabetes comorbidity. In the long run, patients who use metformin, insulin, or sulfonylureas as hypoglycemic agents may have a lower incidence of death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiang Tong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tianli Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jizhen Huang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dongguang Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lian Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Fan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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3
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Liang YF, Long ZX, Zhang YJ, Luo CY, Yan LT, Gao WY, Li H. The chemical mechanisms of the enzymes in the branched-chain amino acids biosynthetic pathway and their applications. Biochimie 2021; 184:72-87. [PMID: 33607240 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2021.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
l-Valine, l-isoleucine, and l-leucine are three key proteinogenic amino acids, and they are also the essential amino acids required for mammalian growth, possessing important and to some extent, special physiological and biological functions. Because of the branched structures in their carbon chains, they are also named as branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs). This review will highlight the advance in studies of the enzymes involved in the biosynthetic pathway of BCAAs, concentrating on their chemical mechanisms and applications in screening herbicides and antibacterial agents. The uses of some of these enzymes in lab scale organic synthesis are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Fei Liang
- College of Life Sciences, National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Zi-Xian Long
- College of Life Sciences, National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Ya-Jian Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Cai-Yun Luo
- College of Life Sciences, National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Le-Tian Yan
- College of Life Sciences, National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Wen-Yun Gao
- College of Life Sciences, National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.
| | - Heng Li
- College of Life Sciences, National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.
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4
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Kandale A, Patel K, Hussein WM, Wun SJ, Zheng S, Tan L, West NP, Schenk G, Guddat LW, McGeary RP. Analogues of the Herbicide, N-Hydroxy- N-isopropyloxamate, Inhibit Mycobacterium tuberculosis Ketol-Acid Reductoisomerase and Their Prodrugs Are Promising Anti-TB Drug Leads. J Med Chem 2021; 64:1670-1684. [PMID: 33512163 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
New drugs to treat tuberculosis (TB) are urgently needed to combat the increase in resistance observed among the current first-line and second-line treatments. Here, we propose ketol-acid reductoisomerase (KARI) as a target for anti-TB drug discovery. Twenty-two analogues of IpOHA, an inhibitor of plant KARI, were evaluated as antimycobacterial agents. The strongest inhibitor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mt) KARI has a Ki value of 19.7 nM, fivefold more potent than IpOHA (Ki = 97.7 nM). This and four other potent analogues are slow- and tight-binding inhibitors of MtKARI. Three compounds were cocrystallized with Staphylococcus aureus KARI and yielded crystals that diffracted to 1.6-2.0 Å resolution. Prodrugs of these compounds possess antimycobacterial activity against H37Rv, a virulent strain of human TB, with the most active compound having an MIC90 of 2.32 ± 0.04 μM. This compound demonstrates a very favorable selectivity window and represents a highly promising lead as an anti-TB agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Kandale
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Campus, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Khushboo Patel
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Campus, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Waleed M Hussein
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Campus, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Shun Jie Wun
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Campus, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Shan Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Campus, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Lendl Tan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Campus, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Nicholas P West
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Campus, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Gerhard Schenk
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Campus, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Sustainable Minerals Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Campus, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Campus, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Luke W Guddat
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Campus, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Ross P McGeary
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Campus, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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5
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Lin KH, Luo CW, Chen SP, Tu DG, Lin MS, Kuan YH. α-Glucosidase Inhibitor Can Effectively Inhibit the Risk of Tuberculosis in Patients with Diabetes: A Nested Case-Control Study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:8085106. [PMID: 32509871 PMCID: PMC7254087 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8085106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) and tuberculosis (TB) are major public health and economic burdens. DM increases Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) infection rates and treatment durations. This study evaluated the relationship between five classes of oral DM medications and TB infection risk in DM patients. We used longitudinal records from the Taiwan Longitudinal Health Insurance Research Database. DM patients were identified using the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) code 250 and A code A181. TB patients were identified using ICD-9-CM code 010.x-017.x. Oral DM medications were divided into five classes: sulfonylureas, biguanides, meglitinides, α-glucosidase inhibitors (AGIs), and thiazolidinediones. Users were classified as nonusers, low-concentration users, and high-concentration users. The incidence rate ratio (IRR) was derived using multivariate Poisson regression to calculate the relative risk of TB infection. DM patients using low- and high-concentration AGIs had significantly lower TB infection risks compared with nonusers. The IRRs of the sulfonylureas and AGI users were [CI] 0.693-0.948) and (95% CI 0.651-0.995), respectively. The other four classes of medications exhibited no significant effect on TB infection risk in DM patients. Furthermore, DM patients using high-concentration AGIs had a significantly lower TB infection risk compared with those using low-concentration AGIs (IRR 0.918, 95% CI: 0.854-0.987). We noted a dose-response relationship in the effects of DM medications on TB risk. Accordingly, we suggest that DM patients use AGIs to benefit from their protective effect on TB infection risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Huang Lin
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
- Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Ci-Wen Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacy, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Pin Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Dom-Gene Tu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Science, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shian Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
- Department of Respiratory Care, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiang Kuan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacy, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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6
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Farah D, Leme GM, Eliaschewitz FG, Fonseca MCM. A safety and tolerability profile comparison between dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and sulfonylureas in diabetic patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2019; 149:47-63. [PMID: 30710655 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2019.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The first treatment approach for type 2 diabetes mellitus is lifestyle change and metformin, but it is usually not sufficient. For some time, the anti-hyperglycemic classes of sulfonylureas and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors were considered second-line of treatment, since they show similar efficacy effect. However, the recent ADA-EASD consensus gives the preference to DPP-4 inhibitors compared to sulfonylureas, except if cost is a major problem. We performed a meta-analysis for safety and tolerability profile to comprehend which treatment has less adverse events. METHODS PUBMED and EMBASE databases were searched from inception until July 2017 to retrieve RCT studies comparing DPP-4 inhibitors and sulfonylureas treatments in adult type 2 diabetes patients. There was no language restriction. We extracted and combined data from studies comparison that reported safety profile and weight change. A random effect, meta-analytic model was applied to all calculations. Cochrane collaboration tool was used to assess quality and bias of the included studies. Trial registered with PROSPERO (CRD42017075823). FINDINGS Out of 1472 articles identified in our search and screened for eligibility, 36 studies comparing DPP-4 inhibitors and sulfonylureas were identified. DPP-4 inhibitors in combination with metformin had less overall adverse events (RR: 0·90; 95% CI, 0·86-0·94; p < 0·0001; I2 = 83%; 17 studies), cardiovascular events (RR: 0·54; 95% CI, 0·37-0·79; p = 0·002; I2 = 0%; 6 studies), hypoglycemia (RR: 0·17; 95% CI, 0·13-0·22; p < 0·00001; I2 = 76%; 17 studies) and severe hypoglycemic events (RR: 0·10; 95% CI, 0·05-0·19; p < 0·00001; I2 = 0%; 12 studies). The mean difference of the weight change was 1·92 kg in favor of DPP-4 inhibitors in combination with metformin in relation to sulfonylureas in combination with metformin. Monotherapy with DPP-4 inhibitors also had less rates of hypoglycemia (RR: 0·31; 95% CI, 0·24-0·41; p < 0·00001; I2 = 0%; 8 studies) and severe hypoglycemic events (RR: 0·26; 95% CI, 0·10-0·66; p = 0·004; I2 = 0%; 8 studies) and patients did not gain 1·19 kg. INTERPRETATION These results suggest better safety profile for DPP-4 inhibitors than sulfonylureas for both comparisons, and it is more notable when the treatment regimen includes metformin. FUNDING This study was funded by Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Farah
- Women's Health Technology Assessment Center, Federal University of Sao Paulo (Universidade Federal de São Paulo), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcelo Cunio Machado Fonseca
- Women's Health Technology Assessment Center, Federal University of Sao Paulo (Universidade Federal de São Paulo), Sao Paulo, Brazil; AxiaBio Life Sciences, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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7
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Kewcharoenwong C, Prabowo SA, Bancroft GJ, Fletcher HA, Lertmemongkolchai G. Glibenclamide Reduces Primary Human Monocyte Functions Against Tuberculosis Infection by Enhancing M2 Polarization. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2109. [PMID: 30283449 PMCID: PMC6157405 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a global public health problem, which is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the leading predisposing factors for development of TB after HIV/AIDS. Glibenclamide is a widely used anti-diabetic drug in low and middle-income countries where the incidence of TB is very high. In a human macrophage cell line, glibenclamide, a K+ATP-channel blocker, promoted alternative activation of macrophages by enhancing expression of the M2 marker CD206 during M2 polarization. M2 macrophages are considered poorly microbicidal and associated with TB susceptibility. Here, we investigated the effect of glibenclamide on M1 and M2 phenotypes of primary human monocytes and further determined whether specific drug treatment for T2DM individuals influences the antibacterial function of monocytes in response to mycobacterial infection. We found that glibenclamide significantly reduced M1 (HLA-DR+ and CD86+) surface markers and TNF-α production on primary human monocytes against mycobacterial infection. In contrast, M2 (CD163+ and CD206+) surface markers and IL-10 production were enhanced by pretreatment with glibenclamide. Additionally, reduction of bactericidal activity also occurred when primary human monocytes from T2DM individuals who were being treated with glibenclamide were infected with Mtb in vitro, consistent with the cytokine responses. We conclude that glibenclamide reduces M1 and promotes M2 polarization leading to impaired bactericidal ability of primary human monocytes of T2DM individuals in response to Mtb and may lead to increased susceptibility of T2DM individuals to TB and other bacterial infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chidchamai Kewcharoenwong
- Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, The Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Satria A Prabowo
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.,Tuberculosis Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory J Bancroft
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.,Tuberculosis Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helen A Fletcher
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.,Tuberculosis Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ganjana Lertmemongkolchai
- Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, The Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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8
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Rehberg N, Akone HS, Ioerger TR, Erlenkamp G, Daletos G, Gohlke H, Proksch P, Kalscheuer R. Chlorflavonin Targets Acetohydroxyacid Synthase Catalytic Subunit IlvB1 for Synergistic Killing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:123-134. [PMID: 29108416 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The flavonoid natural compound chlorflavonin was isolated from the endophytic fungus Mucor irregularis, which was obtained from the Cameroonian medicinal plant Moringa stenopetala. Chlorflavonin exhibited strong growth inhibitory activity in vitro against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MIC90 1.56 μM) while exhibiting no cytotoxicity toward the human cell lines MRC-5 and THP-1 up to concentrations of 100 μM. Mapping of resistance-mediating mutations employing whole-genome sequencing, chemical supplementation assays, and molecular docking studies as well as enzymatic characterization revealed that chlorflavonin specifically inhibits the acetohydroxyacid synthase catalytic subunit IlvB1, causing combined auxotrophies to branched-chain amino acids and to pantothenic acid. While exhibiting a bacteriostatic effect in monotreatment, chlorflavonin displayed synergistic effects with the first-line antibiotic isoniazid and particularly with delamanid, leading to a complete sterilization in liquid culture in combination treatment. Using a fluorescent reporter strain, intracellular activity of chlorflavonin against Mycobacterium tuberculosis inside infected macrophages was demonstrated and was superior to streptomycin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidja Rehberg
- Institute of Pharmaceutical
Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Herve Sergi Akone
- Institute of Pharmaceutical
Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Douala,
PO Box 24157, 2701 Douala, Cameroon
| | - Thomas R. Ioerger
- Department of Computer Science, Texas A&M University, 710 Ross St., College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - German Erlenkamp
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Georgios Daletos
- Institute of Pharmaceutical
Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Holger Gohlke
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Proksch
- Institute of Pharmaceutical
Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rainer Kalscheuer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical
Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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9
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Tanwar DK, Ratan A, Gill MS. A facile synthesis of sulfonylureas via water assisted preparation of carbamates. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 15:4992-4999. [PMID: 28567464 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob00872d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A novel and simple approach to the synthesis of sulfonylureas has been reported. It involved the reaction of various amines with diphenyl carbonate to yield the corresponding carbamates, which subsequently reacted with different sulphonamides to produce different sulfonylureas in excellent yields. The first reaction of diphenyl carbonate with amines was carried out in aqueous : organic (H2O : THF, 90 : 10) medium at room temperature to produce carbamates that paved a straightforward route to sulfonylureas after reaction with sulfonamides. The above process avoided traditional multistep protocols and the use of hazardous, irritant, toxic and moisture sensitive reagents such as phosgene, isocyanates and/or chloroformates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Kumar Tanwar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Process Chemistry), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab-160062, India.
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