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Saft C, Burgunder JM, Dose M, Jung HH, Katzenschlager R, Priller J, Nguyen HP, Reetz K, Reilmann R, Seppi K, Landwehrmeyer GB. Symptomatic treatment options for Huntington's disease (guidelines of the German Neurological Society). Neurol Res Pract 2023; 5:61. [PMID: 37968732 PMCID: PMC10652593 DOI: 10.1186/s42466-023-00285-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ameliorating symptoms and signs of Huntington's disease (HD) is essential to care but can be challenging and hard to achieve. The pharmacological treatment of motor signs (e.g. chorea) may favorably or unfavorably impact other facets of the disease phenotype (such as mood and cognition). Similarly, pharmacotherapy for behavioral issues may modify the motor phenotype. Sometimes synergistic effects can be achieved. In patients undergoing pragmatic polypharmacological therapy, emerging complaints may stem from the employed medications' side effects, a possibility that needs to be considered. It is recommended to clearly and precisely delineate the targeted signs and symptoms (e.g., chorea, myoclonus, bradykinesia, Parkinsonism, or dystonia). Evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) is limited. Therefore, the guidelines prepared for the German Neurological Society (DGN) for German-speaking countries intentionally extend beyond evidence from RCTs and aim to synthesize evidence from RCTs and recommendations of experienced clinicians. RECOMMENDATIONS First-line treatment for chorea is critically discussed, and a preference in prescription practice for using tiapride instead of tetrabenazine is noted. In severe chorea, combining two antidopaminergic drugs with a postsynaptic (e.g., tiapride) and presynaptic mode of action (e.g., tetrabenazine) is discussed as a potentially helpful strategy. Sedative side effects of both classes of compounds can be used to improve sleep if the highest dosage of the day is given at night. Risperidone, in some cases, may ameliorate irritability but also chorea and sleep disorders. Olanzapine can be helpful in the treatment of weight loss and chorea, and quetiapine as a mood stabilizer with an antidepressant effect. CONCLUSIONS Since most HD patients simultaneously suffer from distinct motor signs and distinct psychiatric/behavioral symptoms, treatment should be individually adapted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Saft
- Department of Neurology, Huntington-Zentrum NRW, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Jean-Marc Burgunder
- Department of Neurology, Schweizerisches Huntington-Zentrum, Bern University, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Dose
- Kbo-Isar-Amper-Klinikum, Taufkirchen/München-Ost, Germany
| | | | - Regina Katzenschlager
- Department of Neurology and Karl Landsteiner Institute for Neuroimmunological and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Klinik Donaustadt, Vienna, Austria
| | - Josef Priller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Neuropsychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Huu Phuc Nguyen
- Huntington-Zentrum NRW, Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Kathrin Reetz
- Department of Neurology, Euregional Huntington Centre Aachen, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ralf Reilmann
- George-Huntington-Institute, Muenster, Germany
- Department of Radiology, Universitaetsklinikum Muenster (UKM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University, Muenster, Germany
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Klaus Seppi
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Gillon S, Chan M, Chen J, Guterman EL, Wu X, Glastonbury CM, Li Y. MR Imaging Findings in a Large Population of Autoimmune Encephalitis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2023; 44:799-806. [PMID: 37385678 PMCID: PMC10337613 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a7907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Autoimmune encephalitis is a rare condition in which autoantibodies attack neuronal tissue, causing neuropsychiatric disturbances. This study sought to evaluate MR imaging findings associated with subtypes and categories of autoimmune encephalitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cases of autoimmune encephalitis with specific autoantibodies were identified from the medical record (2009-2019). Cases were excluded if no MR imaging of the brain was available, antibodies were associated with demyelinating disease, or >1 concurrent antibody was present. Demographics, CSF profile, antibody subtype and group (group 1 intracellular antigen or group 2 extracellular antigen), and MR imaging features at symptom onset were reviewed. Imaging and clinical features were compared across antibody groups using χ2 and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. RESULTS Eighty-five cases of autoimmune encephalitis constituting 16 distinct antibodies were reviewed. The most common antibodies were anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate (n = 41), anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (n = 7), and anti-voltage-gated potassium channel (n = 6). Eighteen of 85 (21%) were group 1; and 67/85 (79%) were group 2. The median time between MR imaging and antibody diagnosis was 14 days (interquartile range, 4-26 days). MR imaging had normal findings in 33/85 (39%), and 20/33 (61%) patients with normal MRIs had anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antibodies. Signal abnormality was most common in the limbic system (28/85, 33%); 1/68 (1.5%) had susceptibility artifacts. Brainstem and cerebellar involvement were more common in group 1, while leptomeningeal enhancement was more common in group 2. CONCLUSIONS Sixty-one percent of patients with autoimmune encephalitis had abnormal brain MR imaging findings at symptom onset, most commonly involving the limbic system. Susceptibility artifact is rare and makes autoimmune encephalitis less likely as a diagnosis. Brainstem and cerebellar involvement were more common in group 1, while leptomeningeal enhancement was more common in group 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gillon
- From the School of Medicine (S.G., J.C.)
| | - M Chan
- Department of Radiology (M.C.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Chen
- From the School of Medicine (S.G., J.C.)
| | | | - X Wu
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (X.W., C.M.G., Y.L.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - C M Glastonbury
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (X.W., C.M.G., Y.L.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Y Li
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (X.W., C.M.G., Y.L.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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Muacevic A, Adler JR, Bollineni VR, Þórarinsson BL, Arkink EB. Anti-CV2/Collapsin Response Mediator Protein 5 (CRMP5) Paraneoplastic Encephalitis Induced by Small Cell Lung Cancer. Cureus 2023; 15:e34323. [PMID: 36865958 PMCID: PMC9972193 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.34323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Paraneoplastic neurological syndrome (PNS) associated with anti-CV2/CRMP5 antibodies is a rare entity that can present in various clinical manifestations, from encephalitis to chorea, depending on the brain region involved. We report a case of an elderly person with small cell lung cancer who presented with PNS encephalitis associated with anti-CV2/CRMP5 antibodies which were confirmed on immunological analysis.
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Doher N, Gupta HV. Paraneoplastic Chorea Managed with Intravenous Amantadine. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y) 2019; 9:tre-09-743. [PMID: 31867134 PMCID: PMC6898895 DOI: 10.7916/tohm.v0.743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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