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Lewis SA, Shetty S, Wilson BA, Huang AJ, Jin SC, Smithers-Sheedy H, Fahey MC, Kruer MC. Insights From Genetic Studies of Cerebral Palsy. Front Neurol 2021; 11:625428. [PMID: 33551980 PMCID: PMC7859255 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.625428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cohort-based whole exome and whole genome sequencing and copy number variant (CNV) studies have identified genetic etiologies for a sizable proportion of patients with cerebral palsy (CP). These findings indicate that genetic mutations collectively comprise an important cause of CP. We review findings in CP genomics and propose criteria for CP-associated genes at the level of gene discovery, research study, and clinical application. We review the published literature and report 18 genes and 5 CNVs from genomics studies with strong evidence of for the pathophysiology of CP. CP-associated genes often disrupt early brain developmental programming or predispose individuals to known environmental risk factors. We discuss the overlap of CP-associated genes with other neurodevelopmental disorders and related movement disorders. We revisit diagnostic criteria for CP and discuss how identification of genetic etiologies does not preclude CP as an appropriate diagnosis. The identification of genetic etiologies improves our understanding of the neurobiology of CP, providing opportunities to study CP pathogenesis and develop mechanism-based interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A Lewis
- Pediatric Movement Disorders Program, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Departments of Child Health, Neurology, and Cellular & Molecular Medicine and Program in Genetics, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Sheetal Shetty
- Pediatric Movement Disorders Program, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Departments of Child Health, Neurology, and Cellular & Molecular Medicine and Program in Genetics, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Bryce A Wilson
- Pediatric Movement Disorders Program, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Departments of Child Health, Neurology, and Cellular & Molecular Medicine and Program in Genetics, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Aris J Huang
- Programs in Neuroscience and Molecular & Cellular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Sheng Chih Jin
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Hayley Smithers-Sheedy
- Cerebral Palsy Alliance, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael C Fahey
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael C Kruer
- Pediatric Movement Disorders Program, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Departments of Child Health, Neurology, and Cellular & Molecular Medicine and Program in Genetics, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Programs in Neuroscience and Molecular & Cellular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
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