Catalytic coupling of the active sites in acetyl-CoA synthase, a bifunctional CO-channeling enzyme

Acetogenic bacteria contain acetyl-CoA synthase (ACS), an enzyme with two distinct nickel-iron-sulfur active sites connected by a tunnel through which CO migrates. One site reduces CO2 to CO, while the other synthesizes acetyl-CoA from CO, CoA, and the methyl group of another protein (CH3-CP). Rapid binding of CO2 and a two-electron reduction activates ACS. When CoA and CH3-CP bind ACS, CO is rerouted through the tunnel to the synthase site, and kinetic parameters at the reductase site are altered. Under these conditions, the rates of CO2 reduction and acetyl-CoA synthesis are synchronized by an ordered catalytic mechanism.

Kinetic mechanism of acetyl-CoA synthase: steady-state synthesis at variable Co/Co2 pressures

Steady-state initial rates of acetyl-CoA synthesis (upsilon/[E(tot)]) catalyzed by acetyl-CoA synthase from Clostridium thermoaceticum (ACS) were determined at various partial pressures of CO and CO2. When [CO] was varied from 0 to 100 microM in a balance of Ar, rates increased sharply from 0.3 to 100 min(-1). At [CO] > 100 microM, rates declined sharply and eventually stabilized at 10 min(-1) at 980 microM CO. Equivalent experiments carried out in CO2 revealed similar inhibitory behavior and residual activity under saturating [CO]. Plots of upsilon/[E(tot)] vs [CO2] at different fixed inhibitory [CO] revealed that Vmax/[E(tot)] (kcat) decreased with increasing [CO]. Plots of upsilon/[E(tot)] vs [CO2] at different fixed noninhibitory [CO] showed that Vmax/[E(tot)] was insensitive to changes in [CO]. Of eleven candidate mechanisms, the simplest one that fit the data best had the following key features: (a) either CO or CO2 (at a designated reductant level and pH) activate the enzyme (E' + CO right arrow over left arrow E, E' + CO2/2e-/2H+ right arrow over left arrow E); (b) CO and CO2 are both substrates that compete for the same enzyme form (E + CO right arrow over left arrow ECO, E + CO2/2e-/2H+ right arrow over left arrow ECO, and ECO --> E + P); (c) between 3 and 5 molecules of CO bind cooperatively to an enzyme form different from that to which CO2 and substrate CO bind (nCO + ECO right arrow over left arrow (CO)nECO), and this inhibits catalysis; and (d) the residual activity arises from either the (CO)nECO state or a heterogeneous form of the enzyme. Implications of these results, focusing on the roles of CO and CO2 in catalysis, are discussed.