Surveying haemoperfusion impact on COVID-19 from machine learning using Shapley values

BACKGROUND

Haemoperfusion (HP) is an innovative extracorporeal therapy that utilizes special cartridges to filter the blood, effectively removing pro-inflammatory cytokines, toxins, and pathogens in COVID-19 patients. This retrospective cohort study aimed to assess the clinical benefits of HP for severe COVID-19 cases using Shapley values for machine learning models.

METHODS

The research involved 578 inpatients (≥ 20 years old) admitted to Baqiyatallah hospital (Tehran, Iran). The control group (359 patients) received standard treatment, including high doses of corticosteroids (a single 500 mg methylprednisolone pulse, followed by 250 mg for 2 days), categorized as regimen (I). On the other hand, the HP group (219 patients) received regimen II, consisting of the same corticosteroid treatment (regimen I) along with haemoperfusion using Cytosorb H300. The frequency of haemoperfusion sessions varied based on the type of lung involvement determined by chest CT scans. In addition, the value function v defines the Shapley value of the i th feature for the query point x , where the input matrix features represent individual characteristics, drugs, and history and clinical conditions of the patient.

RESULTS

Our data showed a favorable clinical response in the HP group compared to the control group. Notably, one-to-three sessions of HP using the CytoSorb® 300 cartridge led to reduced ventilation requirements and mortality rates in severe COVID-19 patients. Shapley values were calculated to evaluate the contribution of haemoperfusion among other factors, such as side effects, medications, and individual characteristics, to COVID-19 patient outcomes. In addition, there is a significant difference between the two groups among the treatments and medications used remdesivir, adalimumab, tocilizumab, favipiravir, Interferon beta-1a, enoxaparin prophylaxis, enoxaparin full dose, heparin prophylaxis, and heparin full dose (P < 0.05). It seems that haemoperfusion has a positive impact on the reduction of inflammation markers and renal functional such as ferritin and creatinine, respectively, as well as D-dimer and WBC levels in the HP group were significantly lower than the control group.

CONCLUSION

The findings indicated that haemoperfusion played a crucial role in predicting patient survival, making it a significant feature in classifying patients' prognoses.

CdIn2Se4@chitosan heterojunction nanocomposite with ultrahigh photocatalytic activity under sunlight driven photodegradation of organic pollutants

This research focused on synthesizing a CdIn2Se4@Ch nanocomposite by doping CdIn2Se4 into chitosan using a photolysis assisted ultrasonic process. The aim was to enhance the photodegradation efficiency of ofloxacin and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid under sunlight. The synthesized CdIn2Se4@Ch nanocomposite was investigated via different techniques, including XRD, XPS, FTIR, TEM, DSC, TGA, UV-Vis and PL. The study also investigated the influence of various reaction parameters, including the effects of inorganic and organic ions. The synthesized nanocomposite demonstrated exceptional efficiency, achieving 86 % and 95 % removal rates, with corresponding rate constants of 0.025 and 0.047 min-1. This performance surpasses that of CdIn2Se4 by approximately 1.35 and 2.25 times, respectively. The values of COD were decreased to 78 and 86 % for ofloxacin and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic, while the TOC values decreased to 71 and 84 %, respectively, from their premier values. The improvement in performance is associated with the introduction of CdIn2Se4 into chitosan, resulting in the self-integration of Cd into the catalyst. This creates a localized accumulation point for electrons, enhancing the efficiency of charge separation and further reducing the surface charge of chitosan. Experimental evidence suggests that superoxide and hydroxyl radicals play a significant role in the photodegradation of pollutants. Additionally, the nanocomposite exhibits excellent stability and can be reused up to five times, indicating remarkable stability and reusability of the developed photocatalyst.

Severe plastic deformation: Nanostructured materials, metal-based and polymer-based nanocomposites: A review

Significant deformation of the metal structure can be achieved without breaking or cracking the metal. There are several methods for deformation of metal plastics. The most important of these methods are angular channel pressing process, high-pressure torsion, multidirectional forging process, extrusion-cyclic compression process, cumulative climbing connection process, consecutive concreting and smoothing method, high-pressure pipe torsion. The nanocomposite is a multiphase material which the size of one of its phases is less than 100 nm in at least one dimension. Due to some unique properties, metal-based nanocomposites are widely used in engineering applications such as the automotive and aerospace industries. Polymer-based nanocomposites are two-phase systems with polymer-based and reinforcing phases (usually ceramic). These materials have a simpler synthesis process than metal-based nanocomposites and are used in a variety of applications such as the aerospace industry, gas pipelines, and sensors. Severe plastic deformation (SPD) is known to be the best method for producing bulk ultrafine grained and nanostructured materials with excellent properties. Different Severe plastic deformation methods were developed that are suitable for sheet and bulk solid materials. During the past decade, efforts have been made to create effective Severe plastic deformation processes suitable for producing cylindrical tubes. In this paper, we review Severe plastic deformation processes intended to nanostructured tubes, and their effects on material properties and severe plastic deformation is briefly introduced and its common methods for bulk materials, sheets, and pipes, as well as metal background nanocomposites, are concisely introduced and their microstructural and mechanical properties are discussed. The paper will focus on introduction of the tube Severe plastic deformation processes, and then comparison of them based on their advantages and disadvantages from the viewpoints of processing and properties.

Photodynamic therapy in cancer treatment: properties and applications in nanoparticles

Most of the treatment strategies for tumors and other disorders is photodynamic therapy (PDT). For several years, increasing the efficiency of nanostructured treatment devices, including light therapy, has been considered in different treatment methods. Light Dynamics The use of nanomaterial in this method's production and progress. The use of nanoparticles as carriers is a promising accomplishment, since all the criteria for an ideal photodynamic therapy agent can be given with these nanomaterials. The kinds of nanoparticles that have recently been used in photodynamic therapy are mentioned in this article. Latest advancements are being explored in the use of inorganic nanoparticles and biodegradable polymer-based nanomaterial as carriers of photosynthetic agents. Photosynthetic nanoparticles, self-propagating nanoparticles, and conversion nanoparticles are among the successful photodynamic therapy nanoparticles addressed in this report.

Application of nano-antibiotics in the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases

Infectious diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. Thus, nanotechnology provides an excellent opportunity to treat drug-resistant microbial infections. Numerous antibiotics have been used to inhibit the growth and kill of microbes, but the development of resistance and the emergence of side effects have severely limited the use of these agents. Due to the development of the nanotechnology, nanoparticles are widely used as antimicrobials. Silver and chitosan nanoparticles have antifungal, antiviral and antibacterial properties, and many studies confirm the antifungal properties of silver nanoparticles. Nowadays, the use of nanoparticles in the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases has developed due to less side effects and also the help of these particles in effective drug delivery to the target tissue. Liposomes are also used as carriers of drug delivery, genes, and modeling of cell membranes in both animals and humans. The ability of these liposomes to encapsulate large amounts of drugs, minimize unwanted side effects, high effectiveness and low toxicity has attracted the interest of researchers. This review article examines recent efforts by researchers to identify and treat infectious diseases using antimicrobial nanoparticles and drug nano-carriers.

The Effects of SiO2/Al2O3 and H2O/Al2O3 Molar Ratios on SAPO-34 Catalyst in the Methanol to Olefin Process

Informed through synthesis and characterization of NH ₃ TPD, BET techniques, the current study investigated the right contribution of silicon and water content on a 9 sample SAPO-34 catalyst with different molar ratios. The final prepared SAPO-34 catalytic performed reaction for the Methanol to olefin process was processed and reported at 410 0 C a reactor of fixed-bed. It was shown that catalysts with different SiO₂ /Al₂O₃ and H₂O/Al ₂ O ₃ ratios demonstrated high ethylene and propylene selectivity, due to their intensified crystallinity and size of crystals (1.3 to 1.7 μm). The highest degrees of ethylene and propylene selectivity for 3 samples were 50.25, 21.20, and 48.44, 19.16 respectively. Samples with ratios of different that possess high density and acute acidic sites to deactivate rapidly. The high density of acute acidic sites promoted the ultimate response to saturated hydrocarbons and aromatics based on olefins’ hydrogen transfer to and resulted in the coke generation on the top layer of the catalyst.

Organic chemical Nano sensors: synthesis, properties, and applications

Nanosensors work on the "Nano" scale. "Nano" is a unit of measurement around 10- 9 m. A nanosensor is a device capable of carrying data and information about the behavior and characteristics of particles at the nanoscale level to the macroscopic level. Nanosensors can be used to detect chemical or mechanical information such as the presence of chemical species and nanoparticles or monitor physical parameters such as temperature on the nanoscale. Nanosensors are emerging as promising tools for applications in agriculture. They offer an enormous upgrade in selectivity, speed, and sensitivity compared to traditional chemical and biological methods. Nanosensors can be used for the determination of microbe and contaminants. With the advancement of science in the world and the advent of electronic equipment and the great changes that have taken place in recent decades, the need to build more accurate, smaller and more capable sensors was felt. Today, high-sensitivity sensors are used that are sensitive to small amounts of gas, heat, or radiation. Increasing the sensitivity, efficiency and accuracy of these sensors requires the discovery of new materials and tools. Nano sensors are nanometer-sized sensors that, due to their small size and nanometer size, have such high accuracy and responsiveness that they react even to the presence of several atoms of a gas. Nano sensors are inherently smaller and more sensitive than other sensors.

Antimicrobial finishing of textiles using nanomaterials

Metals, such as copper and silver, can be extremely toxic to bacteria at exceptionally low concentrations. Because of this biocidal activity, metals have been widely used as antimicrobial agents in a multitude of applications related with agriculture, healthcare, and the industry in general. A large number of microorganisms live in the human environment. if the balance of these creatures in nature is disturbed, the health of the individual and society will be threatened due to the production and emission of unpleasant odors and the reduction of health standards. The presence of microorganisms on textiles can cause adverse effects such as discoloration or staining on textiles, decomposition of fibrous materials, reduced strength, and eventually decay of textiles. Most fibers and polymers do not show resistance to the effects of microbes and by providing growth factors for microorganisms such as the right temperature and humidity, nutrients from sweat and fat from skin glands, dead skin cells as well as materials used in the stage of finishing the textiles causes the rapid growth and spread of various microbes. With the advent of nanotechnology, various industries and human daily life underwent changes. In recent years, increasing research on nanoparticles has led to the production of textiles with greater efficiency and added value. These modified textiles prevent the spread of unpleasant odors, the spread, and transmission of diseases. This article reviews the basics and principles of antimicrobial tetiles, as well as a brief overview of antimicrobial materials and nanostructures with antimicrobial properties.

Conductive Gels: Properties and Applications of Nanoelectronics

Conductive gels are a special class of soft materials. They harness the 3D micro/nanostructures of gels with the electrical and optical properties of semiconductors, producing excellent novel attributes, like the formation of an intricate network of conducting micro/nanostructures that facilitates the easy movement of charge carriers. Conductive gels encompass interesting properties, like adhesion, porosity, swelling, and good mechanical properties compared to those of bulk conducting polymers. The porous structure of the gels allows the easy diffusion of ions and molecules and the swelling nature provides an effective interface between molecular chains and solution phases, whereas good mechanical properties enable their practical applications. Due to these excellent assets, conductive gels are promising candidates for applications like energy conversion and storage, sensors, medical and biodevices, actuators, superhydrophobic coatings, etc. Conductive gels offer promising applications, e.g., as soft sensors, energy storage, and wearable electronics. Hydrogels with ionic species have some potential in this area. However, they suffer from dehydration due to evaporation when exposed to the air which limits their applications and lifespan. In addition to conductive polymers and organic charge transfer complexes, there is another class of organic matter called "conductive gels" that are used in the organic nanoelectronics industry. The main features of this family of organic materials include controllable photoluminescence, use in photon upconversion technology, and storage of optical energy and its conversion into electricity. Various parameters change the electronic and optical behaviors of these materials, which can be changed by controlling some of the structural and chemical parameters of conductive gels, their electronic and optical behaviors depending on the applications. If the conjugated molecules with π bonds come together spontaneously, in a relative order, to form non-covalent bonds, they form a gel-like structure that has photoluminescence properties. The reason for this is the possibility of excitation of highest occupied molecular orbital level electrons of these molecules due to the collision of landing photons and their transfer to the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital level. This property can be used in various nanoelectronic applications such as field-effect organic transistors, organic solar cells, and sensors to detect explosives. In this paper, the general introduction of conductive or conjugated gels with π bonds is discussed and some of the physical issues surrounding electron excitation due to incident radiation and the mobility of charge carriers, the position, and role of conductive gels in each of these applications are discussed.

Nano and Battery Anode: A Review

Improving the anode properties, including increasing its capacity, is one of the basic necessities to improve battery performance. In this paper, high-capacity anodes with alloy performance are introduced, then the problem of fragmentation of these anodes and its effect during the cyclic life is stated. Then, the effect of reducing the size to the nanoscale in solving the problem of fragmentation and improving the properties is discussed, and finally the various forms of nanomaterials are examined. In this paper, electrode reduction in the anode, which is a nanoscale phenomenon, is described. The negative effects of this phenomenon on alloy anodes are expressed and how to eliminate these negative effects by preparing suitable nanostructures will be discussed. Also, the anodes of the titanium oxide family are introduced and the effects of Nano on the performance improvement of these anodes are expressed, and finally, the quasi-capacitive behavior, which is specific to Nano, will be introduced. Finally, the third type of anodes, exchange anodes, is introduced and their function is expressed. The effect of Nano on the reversibility of these anodes is mentioned. The advantages of nanotechnology for these electrodes are described. In this paper, it is found that nanotechnology, in addition to the common effects such as reducing the penetration distance and modulating the stress, also creates other interesting effects in this type of anode, such as capacitive quasi-capacitance, changing storage mechanism and lower volume change.

Application of micro and porous materials as nano-reactors

In general, nanostructured materials with specific size, shape and geometry have unique and different properties from bulk materials. Using reaction media with nanometer and micrometer dimensions, they can produce new nanomaterials with interesting and remarkable properties. In general, nano-reactors are nanometer-sized chambers in which chemical reactions can take place. of course, nanoreactors are somehow part of the reaction, and this is the main difference between them and micro-reactors. One of the useful solutions to achieve the environment of nanoreactors is the use of porous materials, so due to the importance of nanoreactors, porous structures of silicate and zeolite are among the most prominent and widely used compounds in this group.

Protein nanoparticles in drug delivery: animal protein, plant proteins and protein cages, albumin nanoparticles

In this article, we will describe the properties of albumin and its biological functions, types of sources that can be used to produce albumin nanoparticles, methods of producing albumin nanoparticles, its therapeutic applications and the importance of albumin nanoparticles in the production of pharmaceutical formulations. In view of the increasing use of Abraxane and its approval for use in the treatment of several types of cancer and during the final stages of clinical trials for other cancers, to evaluate it and compare its effectiveness with conventional non formulations of chemotherapy Paclitaxel is paid. In this article, we will examine the role and importance of animal proteins in Nano medicine and the various benefits of these biomolecules for the preparation of drug delivery carriers and the characteristics of plant protein Nano carriers and protein Nano cages and their potentials in diagnosis and treatment. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of protein nanoparticles are mentioned, as well as the methods of production of albumin nanoparticles, its therapeutic applications and the importance of albumin nanoparticles in the production of pharmaceutical formulations.

Investigation of effective parameters on SAPO-34 nanocatalyst in the methanol-to-olefin conversion process: a review

Light olefins such as ethylene, propylene and butylene are mainly used in the petrochemical industry. Due to the growing need for light olefins in the industry and the future shortage of petroleum resources, the process of converting methanol to olefins (MTO) using non-oil sources has been considered as an alternative. Coal and natural gas are abundant in nature and the methods of converting them to methanol are well known today. Coal gasification or steam reforming of natural gas to produce synthetic gas (CO and hydrogen gas) can lead to methanol production. Methanol can also be catalytically converted to gasoline or olefins depending on the effective process and catalyst factors used. Due to the use of crude methanol in the MTO unit and because the feed does not require primary distillation, if the MTO unit is installed alongside the methanol unit, its capital costs will be reduced. The use of methanol can have advantages such as easier and less expensive transportation than ethane. Among the available catalysts, SAPO-34 is the most suitable catalyst for this process due to its small cavities and medium acidity. One of the problems of MTO units is the rapid deactivation of SAPO-34, which can also be affected by the synthesis factors, so it is possible to optimize the catalyst performance by modifying the synthesis conditions. In this article, we will introduce the MTO process and the factors affecting the production of light olefins.

The effect of nanoparticles on gas permeability with polyimide membranes and network hybrid membranes: a review

Polyimide membranes and network hybrid membranes exhibit high permeability despite good thermal and chemical stability, and high selectivity in gas mixture separation. In this study, the effect of nanoparticle distribution on the network polymer network, and changes in permeability, selectivity, and structure of the composite lattice membrane are investigated. According to the obtained permeability results, this increase in permeability was due to the increase of polymer network free volume and the formation of cavities in the nanoparticle-polymer interface. The significant results were that the permeability growth of gases with larger molecular size such as methane and nitrogen was higher than other gases. A comparison of the permeability growth of gases with the increasing volume fraction of nanoparticles confirms the dominance of the molecular sieve mechanism and the type of membrane transport mechanism change over polyimide and network Hybrid.

Comparison and assessment of zeolite catalysts performance dimethyl ether and light olefins production through methanol: a review

The present review focuses on a comparison and assessment of zeolite catalyst performance of dimethyl ether and light olefin production through methanol. Dimethyl ether is a clean fuel which needs diverse processes to be produced. Methanol to dimethyl ether is a very novel process which offers considerable advantages versus additional processes for the production of dimethyl ether. The corresponding fixed-bed reactors compose the most important section of such a process. Production of dimethyl ether by the mentioned process is of high importance since it can be catalytically transferred to a substance with the value of propylene. Furthermore, in case of capability to transfer low-purity methanol into dimethyl ether, less expensive methanol can be consequently achieved with higher value added. In the petrochemical industry, light olefins, for example, ethylene and propylene, can be used as raw materials for the production of polyolefin. The present review aims to produce dimethyl ether in order to reach olefin substances, initially conducting a compressive assessment on production methods of olefin substances.

Methanol to Gasoline Conversion over CuO/ZSM-5 Catalyst Synthesized Using Sonochemistry Method

In this research, the catalytic conversion of methanol to gasoline range hydrocarbons has been studied over CuO (5 %)/ZSM-5 and CuO (7 %)/ZSM-5 catalysts prepared via sonochemistry methods. Conversion of methanol to gasoline (MTG) has been carried out in a fixed bed reactor under atmospheric pressure and 400˚C temperature, over copper oxide on the synthesized ZSM-5 catalyst. The samples were characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, BET, and FTIR techniques; in which good crystallinity and high specific surface area of synthesized zeolite were proved after impregnation of zeolite with copper. The present investigation suggests that the CuO/ZSM-5 catalyst made by sonochemistry method can increase the yield toward hydrocarbon production. It was concluded that impregnation of zeolite with copper oxide can alter the Brønsted/Lewis acid sites ratio and provide new Lewis acid sites over the surface of the ZSM-5. The main products of methanol to gasoline reaction over the catalyst that prepared via sonochemistry method were toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, ethyl toluene, tetra methylbenzene, diethyl benzene and butylbenzene. The total amount of aromatics in the products was 80 % by using this catalyst. Our results suggest that catalyst synthesized by using sonochemistry shows better production yield toward hydrocarbons by affecting the distribution of active sites on the surface of the ZSM-5.

Modeling of Fluid Bed Reactor of Ethylene Di Chloride Production in Abadan Petrochemical Based on Three-Phase Hydrodynamic Model

The catalytic process of ethylene oxychlorination can be split into two steps,uiz.ethylenechlorination with the reduction of cupric chloride and reoxidation of the cuprous chloride by hydrogen chloride and oxygen. The transient process of 1,2-dichloroethane formation was observed by selected ion chromatography using a mass spectrometer. While the reaction exhibited first-order kinetics in regard to the concentration of cupric chloride, the dependency on ethylene concentration was interpreted by a Wachi & Yousuke and Carrubba mechanism. Optimal performance was achieved by impregnating ea. 5 wt % of copper into y-alumina powder and 64% of the copper contained in the alumina powder contributed to the formation of 1,2-dichloroethane.this study, constant adverse reactions were calculated due to the experimental data obtained from Abadan Petrochemical Unit and the speed equation of Wachi was modified. The reaction occurs at three phases of bubble, cloud, and emulsion and by increasing temperature and input gas velocity and keeping all the other parameters constant in several steps, the substrate was investigated and the conversion of ethylene and gross value for each test were calculated. Thus, with the determination of kinetic and dynamic parameters, the proper mathematical model was chosen and using this model, the conversion percent of ethylene was calculated and its actual amount and the percentage of error were calculated and compared based on information obtained from Abadan Petrochemical reactor under different conditions.

Synthesis and Modification of Zeolite ZSM-5 Catalyst with Solutions of Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) and Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3) for Methanol to Gasoline Conversion

In this article, the ZSM-5 catalyst was used as the base catalyst and its structure was modified for conducting Methanol to Gasoline reactions. ZSM-5 catalyst reacts to the solutions with diverse concentrations of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), and consequently, some changes were applied to its internal structure. Thus, Methanol to Gasoline (MTG) process was carried out under pressure of 1 atm, the temperature of 400°C, and specific surface area of 300 m2g-1 on synthetic zeolite ZSM-5 catalyst by a fixed-bed reactor. Structure and morphology of the synthesized catalyst were investigated by XRD, FT-IR, SEM, XRF and BET analyses. The effect of CaCO3 and Na2CO3 solutions used for catalyst modification on the distribution of hydrocarbon products were studied and compared to ZSM-5 catalyst. The result of catalyst activity evaluation tests shows that the modified catalyst with a 0.1 molar solution of CaCO3 and Na2CO3 provides the highest selectivity and efficiency compared to the hydrocarbons in boiling point range of C6+ gasoline.