Ammonium dichromate poisoning: A rare cause of acute kidney injury

Ammonium dichromate is an inorganic compound frequently used in screen and color printing. Being a strong oxidizing agent, it causes oxygen free radical injury resulting in organ failure. We report a 25-year-old female who presented with acute kidney injury after consumption of ammonium dichromate. She was managed successfully with hemodialysis and supportive measures. This case is reported to highlight the toxicity of ammonium dichromate.

CFD modeling of turbulent flow and particle deposition in human lungs

Understanding transport and deposition of inhaled particles in the human airways plays a crucial role in the targeted therapy of pulmonary diseases, and the administration of inhaled medicines. Numerous researchers have studied the inhalation of particles using experiments or computer models. Even though experiments have shown that the airflow in the trachea and the upper branches of the lung is turbulent, the flow is taken to be laminar in most computer models. Only few recently published papers have looked at the turbulent transport of air in the human airways. Even fewer results have been published on the effect of the upper airway structures on the turbulent airflow in the lungs or on the effect of the turbulence on particle deposition. The previously published turbulent models have also mainly used RANS methods to predict the flow. To study the unsteady flow and particle deposition in a human lung, an LES model with a dynamic Smagorinsky sub-grid scale model was used. The model equations were solved to study steady inspirational flow at different flow rates for different particle sizes. Results indicate that the upper airway geometry produces turbulence in the flow and the deposition of particles is mainly affected by the particle size and Stokes number.