1
|
IL-9 polarizes macrophages to M1 and induces the infiltration of antitumor immune cells via MIP-1 and CXCR3 chemokines. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 3:80-96. [PMID: 36968220 PMCID: PMC10035505 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-22-0246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are involved in tumor progression, metastasis, and immunosuppression. Since TAMs are highly plastic and could alter their phenotypes to pro-inflammatory M1 in response to environmental stimuli, re-educating TAMs has emerged as a promising approach to overcoming the challenges of solid cancer treatment. This study investigated the effect of interleukin (IL)-9 on macrophage M1 polarization and verified its antitumor potential to retrain TAMs and promote chemokine secretion. We demonstrated that IL-9 stimulated macrophage proliferation and polarized them toward the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype in an IFN-γ-dependent manner. Tumor-localized IL-9 also polarized TAMs toward M1 in vivo and made them release CCL3/4 and CXCL9/10 to recruit antitumor immune cells, including T and NK cells, into the tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, peritoneal treatment with recombinant IL-9 delayed the growth of macrophage-enriched B16F10 melanoma and 4T1 breast cancer in syngeneic mice, although IL-9 treatment did not reduce tumor growth in the absence of macrophage enrichment. These results demonstrate the efficacy of IL-9 in macrophage polarization to trigger antitumor immunity.
Collapse
|