Clear imaging of Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) signals of Ras activation by a time-lapse three-dimensional deconvolution system

A procedure for a time series of three-dimensional Förster resonance energy transfer observation of a cell has been established. It employs quantitative deconvolution and three-dimensional views of intensity-modulated displays. The development was done with Raichu, a synthetic Ras protein capable of producing Förster resonance energy transfer upon its activation, for which two-dimensional imaging has been established. This method gave much clearer images of Förster resonance energy transfer than does the usual method without deconvolution, even though the signals were relatively weak. The results suggest that this procedure is compatible with weak fluorescent light, which is prone to photobleaching.

Improvement of automatic in-gel digestion by in situ alkylation of proteins

We have recently improved the automation of an in-gel digestion system, DigestPro 96, using in situ alkylation of proteins with acrylamide, conducted during one-dimensional (ID) SDS-PAGE. The improved method included the processes of destaining, dehydration, trypsin digestion, and extraction but excluded the reduction and alkylation steps following staining of proteins with CBB. The extracted peptide mixtures were directly loaded onto a micro C18 LC column of the mass spectrometer. The resultant spectra were processed with "Mascot" search engine to estimate the sequence coverage of the bovine serum albumin (BSA). The original method, designed for Laemmli ID SDS gel applications, consisted of reduction and post-alkylation with iodoacetamide, which produced carboxyamidemethyl (CAM; -S-CH2CONH2) derivatives. The original method also included a desalting step essential for mass spectrometry, especially matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. We compared the original and improved methods using BSA (3 pmol loaded to the gel, one third of digested peptide mixture injected into LC-MS). The original method yielded both CAM and propionicamide (PAM;-S-CH2CH2CONH2) derivatives. The source of PAM derivatives is the unpolymerized acrylamide formed during electrophoresis. The sequence coverage of CAM derivatives of BSA by the original method was 10% with desalting and 19% without desalting. The sequence coverage of PAM derivative by the improved method was 32%. Our results clearly show the advantage of our improved automated in-gel digestion method for in situ PAM alkylated protein with respect to peptide recovery, compared with the original method with CAM post-alkylation.