Perceived Maternal Disciplinary Practices and Their Relation to Development of Moral Judgment

The relationship between maternal disciplinary practices and moral judgment in children was examined. Sex and social class were included as variables.

Two hundred and forty-nine children, from upper-middleand working-class samples, were interviewed on maternal disciplinary practices. Data on moral judgment were available from a previous study.

Results indicated a general pattern of negative correlations between maternal power assertion and child's moral maturity scores (MMS), and positive correlations between maternal induction and MMS. The correlations were, however, statistically significant only in the case of upper-middle-class girls. Use of love withdrawal as a disciplinary measure was reported very infrequently.

The results are discussed in terms of the theoretical issues related to induction as a process variable, and a cross-cultural perspective of the empirical findings is described.

Comprehensive mutational analysis of primary and relapse acute promyelocytic leukemia

Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a subtype of myeloid leukemia characterized by differentiation block at the promyelocyte stage. Besides the presence of chromosomal rearrangement t(15;17), leading to the formation of PML-RARA (promyelocytic leukemia-retinoic acid receptor alpha) fusion, other genetic alterations have also been implicated in APL. Here, we performed comprehensive mutational analysis of primary and relapse APL to identify somatic alterations, which cooperate with PML-RARA in the pathogenesis of APL. We explored the mutational landscape using whole-exome (n=12) and subsequent targeted sequencing of 398 genes in 153 primary and 69 relapse APL. Both primary and relapse APL harbored an average of eight non-silent somatic mutations per exome. We observed recurrent alterations of FLT3, WT1, NRAS and KRAS in the newly diagnosed APL, whereas mutations in other genes commonly mutated in myeloid leukemia were rarely detected. The molecular signature of APL relapse was characterized by emergence of frequent mutations in PML and RARA genes. Our sequencing data also demonstrates incidence of loss-of-function mutations in previously unidentified genes, ARID1B and ARID1A, both of which encode for key components of the SWI/SNF complex. We show that knockdown of ARID1B in APL cell line, NB4, results in large-scale activation of gene expression and reduced in vitro differentiation potential.