Ileo-caecal doughnut bladder augmentation in children with exstrophy- epispadias complex- a study of 100 cases

AIM

The small bladder in failed exstrophy needs to be augmented and also accommodate bladder neck surgery, ureteric re-implantations and a catheterizable channel. We present a novel method of ileocecal bladder augmentation providing a non-implanted, un-detached appendicular channel, rendered non refluxing by an ileal "fundoplication". The colonic segment could receive ureteric reimplantation when bladder plate is unsuitable.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Operative technique: Bilateral cephalo-trigonal reimplantation and bladder neck surgery is done. The ileocecal segment is isolated and arranged as a ring (doughnut) around the un-detached appendix which is made to pass behind the terminal ileum, through the ileal mesentery and then in front of the ileum as it exits as a catheterizable channel. The bowel segment is opened on the antimesenteric aspect except for the retro appendiceal ileal segment. The opened ileo-caecum is reconfigured as a de-tubularised augmentation pouch while the retro appendiceal ileal segment is wrapped around the appendix like a fundoplication. The colon segment may receive the ureteric reimplantation if required.

CASE MATERIAL

100 children (mean age 6.3 years) with failed exstrophy underwent doughnut augmentation (3 neobladders) in 2006-2021. Ninety eight were incontinent, with 30 open/dehisced bladder plate, 48 units were hydronephrotic (HUN), 105 ureters were refluxing (VUR) and eGFR was subnormal in 20 children. 79 children underwent YDL bladder neck plasty and 23 underwent bladder neck closure (primarily in 18). Three infants with HUN did not undergo bladder neck surgery. 126 ureters were reimplanted into the bladder, 44 into the colon segment while 30 were not reimplanted.

RESULTS

95 children are continent on CIC, which was gradually introduced starting with once or twice daily change of indwelling Mitrofanoff catheter leading to regular 3-4 hourly CIC as the child became confident. The appendicular channel was easily catheterizable without any leak in 95, had minor issues in 4 while one necrosed and replaced by a gastric tube. HUN recovered (25/48) or stabilized with a significant reduction in the grade of hydronephrosis (p = 0.001). VUR resolved in 90% of bladder reimplants, 85% of colonic reimplants and 70% of non-reimplanted ureters. In the 20 children with compromised renal function eGFR improved (71-106 ml/m2/min) significantly (p = 0.036) at follow up (mean 5 years). Urodynamics study (N = 33) showed a mean capacity of 95% of expected bladder capacity (EBC) with end filling pressure less than 25 cm of water (Mean end filling cystometric pressure = 15 cm of water). Complications included adhesive intestinal obstruction (N = 16) and bladder calculi (N = 12).

CONCLUSION

The doughnut ileocecal augmentation provides a easily catheterizable, non-refluxing, appendicular channel, not requiring isolation of the appendix nor its reimplantation into the bladder. The colonic segment can provide a bed for ureteric reimplantation. Dryness with a good capacity bladder and preserved upper tract is achieved.

Decreased femur tunnel widening after augmented suspensory fixation compared to suspensory fixation for single bundle hamstring ACL reconstruction

Background

Tunnel widening after Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction using a hamstring graft is known to occur at follow-up. Our study aimed to investigate the effect of suspensory fixation augmentation using an interference screw on tunnel widening in single-bundle hamstring ACL reconstruction.

Methods

48 patients who had single bundle ACL reconstruction with femoral fixed loop fixation technique in 15 knees, and, fixed loop with augmented aperture (bio screw) fixation in 33 knees were analyzed. The width of the tunnel was measured using radiographs immediate post-op and at follow-up within 1 year. Computerized Tomogram (CT) measurements of the tunnels and functional scores were also done with overall follow-up for the fixed loop group being 21.33 months (Standard Deviation (SD)11.14) and the Augmentation group 9.12 months (SD 3.83).

Results

Midpoint femur tunnel widening was reduced in the augmentation group, with measurements of 0.74 (SD 1.05) mm Antero Posterior (AP) and 1.01 (SD 1.04) mm in the Lateral view, compared to 1.54 (SD 1.48) mm AP and 1.79 (SD1.47 mm) in the Lateral for the fixed button group. The radiological widening was considerably less in the augmentation group with a p-value of 0.07. AP aperture widening in the augmentation group was 1.25(SD 1.10 mm), and 1.09(SD0.98) mm in the lateral view. The fixed button-only group measured 1.53 (SD1.30) mm in the AP, and 1.65 (SD 1.29) mm in the lateral view, both of which were not statistically significant. The follow-up Lysholm and International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scores were similar for the 2 groups.

Conclusion

Femoral tunnel midpoint and aperture widening were reduced with the fixed loop with aperture (bio screw) augmentation technique for hamstring grafts in single bundle ACL fixation within 1 year with comparable functional scores.

Level of evidence

4.

Thyroglossal Duct Cyst Carcinoma: Lessons from a 20-Case Series

Aims and Objectives

Thyroglossal duct cyst (TDC) is a common congenital cyst with an incidence of about 7%. Thyroglossal duct cyst carcinoma (TDCC) is a rare sequel which arises from TDC and has an incidence of about 1%. As these are rare, they do not have well-defined management guidelines. The aim of this study was to analyse the clinical profile and pathological characteristics of patients with thyroglossal duct cyst carcinoma and to propose a protocol for their treatment and follow-up.

Materials and Methods

A retrospective study was done from January 2000 to December 2019. All the clinical details, imaging characteristics, treatment and histopathology were analysed.

Results

The mean age group in our study was 37.9 years with a female preponderance. The clinical features like rapid increase in size, fixity of the lump and lymph node metastasis were not very common. Seventy-five percent of our patients who underwent imaging had suspicious characteristics. Fifty-six percent of our patients had FNAC suggestive of TDCC. Fifty percent of our patients had concomitant thyroid carcinoma. None of our patients had distant metastasis at follow-up.

Conclusions

TDCC is rare and a disease of young adulthood and usually has good prognosis. It may be a clinical surprise or a small lesion which can be detected with ultrasound and targeted FNAC. There is high rate of concomitant thyroid carcinoma and hence needs careful assessment. Sistrunk's procedure with total thyroidectomy either staged or simultaneously has good outcome and permits adjuvant treatment.

The clinico pathological features and survival in serous endometrial cancers

Background & Introduction

Serous cancers are a biologically aggressive variety of endometrial cancer (EC) with a high rate of recurrence and mortality among all the subtypes. Herein we describe our experience with serous endometrial cancer.

Objective

This study was conducted to identify the clinicopathological characteristics, treatment modalities and survival outcomes in women diagnosed with serous endometrial malignancies.

Methods

This was a retrospective descriptive analysis of data on patients diagnosed with serous endometrial tumours between January 2010 to September 2019 in our institute collected from electronic medical records. Descriptive statistics such as proportions, means and standard deviations and Cox regression hazards model on risk factors were performed. Survival was plotted by Kaplan-Meier curves.

Results

During the study period, 32 (5.7%) patients out of 564 diagnosed cases of endometrial cancer had serous histology. The mean age at diagnosis was 62.5 years (SD 7.6) while mean BMI was 26.4 kg/m² (SD 4.6). Staging laparotomy was done in 27(84%) of the patients. Advanced stages (III and IV) were detected in 16 patients (50%) at primary surgery.Adjuvant chemo therapy and radiation was received by 21(65.6%) patients therapy. Out of 32 patients, 13 (40%) developed recurrence while another 13 expired. Stage at diagnosis and type of adjuvant therapy were important factors in determining the outcome. Median recurrence free and overall survival was 22(95% CI 1.4-42) and 36 months (95% CI 10.1-61.8) respectively.

Conclusion

Serous endometrial cancers are an intrusive subtype of EC. Comprehensive surgical staging with optimal cytoreduction should be aimed at. Adequate upfront molecular categorization of these tumors is mandated. Adjuvant therapy with chemotherapy and radiation is given in postoperative setting. Targeted therapies and immunotherapy could be considered in recurrences.

Comparing Intratympanic Gentamicin with Methylprednisolone in Meniere's Disease with Non-Serviceable Hearing

Abstract

To compare the effectiveness of high dose fixed alternate day intratympanic gentamicin with methylprednisolone in the treatment of patients with unilateral, intractable Meniere's disease with poor hearing. Randomized single blind prospective parallel group trial in a tertiary referral centre. Twenty-two patients with definite unilateral Meniere's disease with average pure tone thresholds worse than 50 dB in the affected ear were enrolled. Eleven patients were treated with intratympanic buffered gentamicin and the other eleven were administered intratympanic methylprednisolone (both 4 injections, 40 mg/ml, on alternate days). Patients were assessed pre-intervention, 3 months post intervention and subsequently followed up for 2-4 years. Both groups of patients had significant control of vertigo, DHI scores and THI scores after treatment while the functional scores in the methylprednisolone group was not better than the pre- treatment scores in the long-term follow-up. 9 of 11(82%) patients in gentamicin group and 3 of 11(27%) patients in the methylprednisolone group achieved Class A vertigo control. The gentamicin group had better post intervention DHI scores (p = 0.016, 3 months and p = 0.046, long term) and Functional score (p = 0.014, 3 months and p = 0.05, long term). The hearing in both groups and THI scores, post intervention was similar between both groups. In patients with unilateral intractable MD with non-serviceable hearing, high fixed doses of both intratympanic gentamicin and methylprednisolone are effective in alleviating disease symptoms in long term follow-up. However, intratympanic gentamicin resulted in better control of vertigo, total DHI score and functional level scores than intratympanic methylprednisolone with no significant difference in hearing levels.

Trail Registration Number

Clinical Trials Registry of India (CTRI- REF/2016/10/012363).

Spectrum of pulmonary valve morphology and its relationship to pulmonary trunk in tetralogy of Fallot

BACKGROUND

Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is a complex congenital heart disease with anatomic variations. Although the pulmonary valve in TOF is abnormal, it has not been studied well, especially on newer imaging modalities such as multidetector computed tomography (CT), which gives excellent anatomic detail.

AIMS

The aim of this study was to assess the morphology of pulmonary valve in TOF on CT and evaluate its association with the degree of hypoplasia of infundibulum and pulmonary trunk.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The cardiac CT scans of 30 patients with TOF were reviewed to evaluate the morphology of the pulmonary valve, infundibulum, and pulmonary arteries. Fisher's exact test was performed to examine the association between pulmonary valve morphology and degree of hypoplasia of the infundibulum and pulmonary trunk.

RESULTS

16.7% of patients with TOF had pulmonary atresia. The prevalence of tricuspid, bicuspid, and absent valves were 10%, 53.3% and 6.7%, respectively. In another 13.3% of patients, although valve tissue was present, exact morphology could not be determined on CT. The commissures of 62.5% of the bicuspid valves were at 12 o'clock and 6 o'clock or slightly off the midline. There was statistically significant association between valve morphology and degree of infundibular hypoplasia (P < 0.001) and calibre of pulmonary trunk (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

Morphological abnormality of the pulmonary valve is common in TOF. The most common type of pulmonary valve in TOF patients is bicuspid valve with commissures at 12 o'clock and 6 o'clock or slightly off the midline. Fewer cusps of the pulmonary valve are associated with a more severe degree of pulmonary artery hypoplasia.

Focused Parathyroidectomy Under Local Anesthesia - A Feasibility Study

PURPOSE

We conducted this study to evaluate the feasibility, patient satisfaction, and cost of performing focused parathyroidectomy under local anesthesia (LA) and mild sedation, administered and monitored by a surgeon.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This was a prospective observational study of 30 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) undergoing a focused parathyroidectomy under LA and mild sedation at a single institution. The clinical features, gland weight, operating time, procedure time, postoperative pain scores, overall patient satisfaction, postoperative nausea and vomiting, analgesic requirements, complications, cost, and cure rates were documented. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 17.0.

RESULTS

In two patients (6.7%), the procedure had to be completed under general anesthesia (GA). Postoperative temporary hypocalcemia was witnessed in 14 of 30 (46.7%), but only 1 required intravenous calcium infusion. About 21 of 30 (75%) were completely satisfied with LA, whereas 25 of 30 (89%) were completely satisfied with surgical procedure. Furthermore, all patients were keen to recommend this procedure under LA to their friends and family. Comparing the cost between performing the procedure under LA with that under GA, a significant difference was witnessed (P = 0.001). Among the 26 patients reviewed at 6 months, all had a normal serum calcium and parathyroid hormone levels indicating 100% cure rate.

CONCLUSION

Performing focused parathyroidectomy under LA is feasible; additionally, this method can significantly reduce the cost of the procedure (P = 0.001).

Study to Evaluate the Changes in Polycystic Ovarian Morphology after Naturopathic and Yogic Interventions

Background

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is one of the commonest endocrine disorders in women, with a prevalence ranging from 2.2% to 26% in India. Patients with PCOS face challenges including irregular menstrual cycles, hirsutism, acne, acanthosis nigricans, obesity and infertility. 9.13% of South Indian adolescent girls are estimated to suffer from PCOS. The efficacy of Yoga & Naturopathy (Y&N) in the management of polycystic ovarian syndrome requires to be investigated. Aims: The aim of the present study is to observe the morphological changes in polycystic ovaries of patients following 12 weeks of Y&N intervention.

Settings and Design

The study was conducted at the Government Yoga and Naturopathy Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, India. The study was a single blinded prospective, pre-post clinical trial.

Methods and Material

Fifty PCOS patients of age between 18 and 35 years who satisfied the Rotterdam criteria were recruited for the study. According to their immediate participation in the study they were either allocated to the intervention group (n=25) or in the wait listed control group (n=25). The intervention group underwent Y&N therapy for 12 weeks. Change in polycystic ovarian morphology, anthropometric measurements and frequency of menstrual cycle were studied before and after the intervention. Results: Significant improvement was observed in the ovarian morphology (P<0.001) and the anthropometric measurements (P<0.001) between the two groups.

Conclusions

The findings of the study indicate that Y&N interventions are efficient in bringing about beneficial changes in polycystic ovarian morphology. We speculate that a longer intervention might be required to regulate the frequency of menstrual cycle.