Oxygen Isotope Ratios in the Crust of Iron Meteorites

The separation factor, aM-0= (18O/16O) magnetite/' (18O/16O) atmospheric oxygen, between the magnetite crust of iron meteorites and atmospheric oxygen has been determined to be 0.9946 ± 0.0005. It is concluded that this fractionation of the oxygen isotopes is the consequence of an equilibrium isotope effect at high temperatures. It can be assumed that this is also valid for cosmic spherules, which are mainly ablation products of iron meteorites. As these spherules are found in sediments of different geological ages, their oxygen isotope ratio can give information on the development of atmospheric oxygen.

The difference of the oxygen isotope ratios between magnetite from the lithosphere and airborne magnetite can be used to distinguish between terrestrial and extraterrestrial material.

Isotope fractionations in the terrestrial carbon cycle: a brief overview

The bias in favour of isotopically light carbon inherent in biological carbon fixation has brought about an isotopic disproportionation of primordial (mantle-derived) carbon on a global scale, causing an enrichment of 12C in reduced (biogenic) carbon and a concomitant accumulation of the heavy complement (13C) in the residual oxidized (inorganic) carbon pool. As a result, the terrestrial carbon cycle has gone bipartite, comprising an organic branch of isotopically light carbon, and an inorganic branch made up of 13C-enriched carbon (mostly in the form of carbonate). The isotopic disparity between the two principal terrestrial carbon species can be traced back over 3.8 Gyr of Earth history, attesting to a biological modulation of the carbon cycle since the time of formation of the oldest sediments.

Phosphorus as a potential guide in the search for extinct life on Mars

In contrast to the search for extant organisms, the quest for fossil remains of life on Mars need not be guided by the presence of water and organic compounds on the present surface. An appropriate tracer might be the element phosphorus which is a common constituent of living systems. Utilizing terrestrial analogues, it should preferentially exist in the form of sedimentary calcium phosphate (phosphorites), which would have readily resisted changing conditions on Mars. Moreover, higher ratios of P/Th in phosphorites in comparison to calcium phosphates from magmatic rocks give us the possibility to distinguish them from inorganically formed phosphorus deposits at or close to the Martian surface. Identification of anomalous phosphorus enrichments by remote sensing or in situ analysis could be promising approaches for selecting areas preferentially composed of rocks with remains of extinct life.

Stable carbon isotopes: possible clues to early life on Mars

Organic and inorganic carbon in terrestrial near-surface environments are characterized by a marked difference in their 13C/12C ratios which can be traced back in the Earth's sedimentary record over almost 4 billion years. There is no doubt that the bias in favour of 12C displayed by biogenic matter derives, for the most part, from the isotope-selecting properties of the carbon-fixing enzyme (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase) that is operative in the principal photosynthetic pathway and promotes most of the carbon transfer from the non-living to the living realm. Postulating a universality of biological principles in analogy to the proven universality of the laws of physics and chemistry, we may expect enzymatic reactions in exobiological systems to be beset with B similar kinetic fractionation effects. Hence, the retrieval from the oldest Martian sediments of isotopic fractionations between reduced and oxidized (carbonate) carbon may substantially constrain current conjectures on the possible existence of former life on Mars.

The initiation of biological processes on Earth: summary of empirical evidence

With the currently available geological record at band, the existence of life on this planet as from at least 3.8 Gyr ago seems so firmly established as to be virtually unassailable. Specifically, various disparate lines of evidence have merged to indicate (1) that the surface of the Archaean Earth had hosted prolific microbial ecosystems as is testified by a quasi-continuous record of microbialites ("stromatolites") and associated microfossils of prokaryotic affinity over 3.5, if not 3.8 Gyr of geological history, and (2) that the sedimentary carbon record has preserved the isotopic signature of autotrophic (notably photosynthetic) carbon fixation over the same time span. With the observed enrichment of isotopically light carbon in sedimentary organic matter largely consonant with the bias in favor of 12C during photosynthesis, the mainstream of the carbon isotope record can be best explained as geochemical manifestation of the isotope discriminating properties of the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) carboxylase reaction of the Calvin cycle suggesting an extreme degree of evolutionary conservatism in the biochemistry of autotrophic carbon fixation. As a consequence, partial biological control of the geochemical carbon cycle was established already during Early Archaean times and fully operative by the time of formation of the Earth's earliest sediments.

Biological modulation of the terrestrial carbon cycle: isotope clues to early organic evolution

The characteristic difference of some 20 to 30% in the 13C/12C ratios of reduced (organic) and oxidized (carbonate) carbon as observed in the contemporary environment can be traced back over 3.5 (if not 3.8) Ga of recorded Earth history. There is little doubt that the enrichment of isotopically light carbon in fossil organic matter ultimately derives from the bias in favor of 12C during photosynthetic carbon fixation (notably the RuBP carboxylase reaction of the Calvin cycle). Accordingly, the mainstream of the sedimentary delta 13Corg record can be most reasonably explained as geochemical evidence of the isotope-discriminating properties of the principal CO2-fixing enzymatic reaction of the assimilatory pathway, thus giving eloquent testimony to an extreme degree of evolutionary conservatism in the biochemistry of autotrophic carbon fixation.

Antiquity and evolutionary status of bacterial sulfate reduction: sulfur isotope evidence

The presently available sedimentary sulfur isotope record for the Precambrian seems to allow the following conclusions: (1) In the Early Archaean, sedimentary delta 34S patterns attributable to bacteriogenic sulfate reduction are generally absent. In particular, the delta 34S spread observed in the Isua banded iron formation (3.7 x 10(9) yr) is extremely narrow and coincides completely with the respective spreads yielded by contemporaneous rocks of assumed mantle derivation. Incipient minor differentiation of the isotope pattersn notably of Archaean sulfates may be accounted for by photosynthetic sulfur bacteria rather than by sulfate reducers. (2) Isotopic evidence of dissimilatory sulfate reduction is first observed in the upper Archaean of the Aldan Shield, Siberia (approximately 3.0 x 10(9) yr) and in the Michipicoten and Woman River banded iron formations of Canada (2.75 x 10(9) yr). This narrows down the possible time of appearance of sulfate respirers to the interval 2.8--3.1 x 10(9) yr. (3) Various lines of evidence indicate that photosynthesis is older than sulfate respiration, the SO4(2-) Utilized by the first sulfate reducers deriving most probably from oxidation of reduced sulfur compounds by photosynthetic sulfur bacteria. Sulfate respiration must, in turn, have antedated oxygen respiration as O2-respiring multicellular eucaryotes appear late in the Precambrian. (4) With the bulk of sulfate in the Archaean oceans probably produced by photosynthetic sulfur bacteria, the accumulation of SO4(2-) in the ancient seas must have preceded the buildup of appreciable steady state levels of free oxygen. Hence, the occurrence of sulfate evaporites in Archaean sediments does not necessarily provide testimony of oxidation weathering on the ancient continents and, consequently, of the existence of an atmospheric oxygen reservoir.

Carbon Isotope Composition of Carbonaceous Matter from the Precambrian of the Witwatersrand System

Polymerized hydrocarbons occurring in the gold-uranium conglomerates of the Witwatersrand System (South Africa) show deltaC(13) values between -22.4 and -32.8 per mille, their isotopic composition thus falling into the range of sedimentary organic carbon. Accordingly, organic derivation of the material seems very probable. This conclusion is consistent with a model of the existence of organic evolution and biologic activity in times certainly older than 2.15 x 10(9) years.