Four new West Palaearctic species and new distributional records of Hybotidae (Diptera)

Megagrapha starki Barták & Grootaert, sp. nov. (Poland, Russia, Slovakia), Oedalea portugalica Barták & Grootaert, sp. nov. (Portugal), Hybos conicus Grootaert & Barták, sp. nov. (Greece, Turkey), and Platypalpus obscuroides Barták & Grootaert, sp. nov. (Slovakia) are described and illustrated. Diagnostic characters are discussed. The female of Syndyas merzi Shamshev & Grootaert, 2012 is described for the first time. New distributional records are presented: Megagrapha europaea Papp & Földvári, 2001 is first reported from Slovakia and Syndyas merzi Shamshev & Grootaert, 2012 is first reported from Turkey.

Fanniidae (Diptera): new species, new records and first description of the male of Fannia latifrontalis Hennig

Fannia bohemica sp. nov. (Czech Republic, Slovakia) is described and illustrated. Male of F. latifrontalis Hennig, 1955 is described and illustrated for the first time. Fannia jezoensis Nishida, 1976 is first reported from West Palaearctic, Fannia morrisoni Malloch, 1913 is first recorded from Palaearctic Region. Fannia umbrosa (Stein, 1895) and F. armata (Meigen, 1826; first record based on morphologically identified specimens) are new records from Nearctic Region. Six species (Fannia fuscitibia Stein, 1920, F. latifrontalis, F. limbata (Tiensuu, 1938), F. verrallii (Meade, 1891), F. gotlandica Ringdahl, 1926 and F. spathiophora, Malloch, 1918) are recorded for the first time from Slovakia.

Plasticity-Related Activity in the Hippocampus, Anterior Cingulate, Orbitofrontal, and Prefrontal Cortex Following a Repeated Treatment with D2/D3 Agonist Quinpirole

Quinpirole (QNP) sensitization is a well-established model of stereotypical checking relevant to obsessive-compulsive disorder. Previously, we found that QNP-treated rats display deficits in hippocampus-dependent tasks. The present study explores the expression of immediate early genes (IEG) during QNP-induced stereotypical checking in the hippocampus, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Adult male rats were injected with QNP (0.5 mg/mL/kg; n = 15) or saline (n = 14) daily for 10 days and exposed to an arena enriched with two objects. Visits to the objects and the corners of the arena were recorded. QNP-treated rats developed an idiosyncratic pattern of visits that persisted across experimental days. On day 11, rats were exposed to the arena twice for 5 min and sacrificed. The expression of IEGs Arc and Homer1a was determined using cellular compartment analysis of temporal activity by fluorescence in situ hybridization. IEG-positive nuclei were counted in the CA1 area of the hippocampus, ACC, OFC, and mPFC. We found significantly fewer IEG-positive nuclei in the CA1 in QNP-treated rats compared to controls. The overlap between IEG expressing neurons was comparable between the groups. We did not observe significant differences in IEG expression between QNP treated and control rats in ACC, OFC, and mPFC. In conclusion, treatment of rats with quinpirole decreases plasticity-related activity in the hippocampus during stereotypical checking.

Two new West Palaearctic species of Atelestus Walker (Diptera, Atelestidae) and new distributional records of the family

Atelestus turcicus Barták, sp. nov. (Turkey) and Atelestus ibericus Barták, sp. nov. (Spain) are described and illustrated. A key to all known Palaearctic species of Atelestus is provided and the main diagnostic characters are discussed. The female of Nemedina acutiformis Carles-Tolrá, 2008 is described for the first time. New distributional records are presented: Atelestus dissonans Collin, 1961 - first records from Spain and Bulgaria, A. pulicarius (Fallén, 1816) - first record from Turkey, Nemedina alamirabilis Chandler, 1981 - first record from Bulgaria and N. acutiformis Carles-Tolrá, 2008 - first record from Turkey.

Risk element accumulation in Coleoptera and Hymenoptera (Formicidae) living in an extremely contaminated area-a preliminary study

The risk element accumulation ability of two groups of epigeic species, insects from families Coleoptera and Hymenoptera (namely Formicidae), was determined and related to soil risk element content and bioaccessibility. The study was conducted in the district of Příbram, Czech Republic, which was characterised by extremely high aged pollution in the soils, including risk elements, especially As, Pb, Zn and Cd, due to the former mining and smelting activity. Four sampling sites differing in their pseudo-total risk element contents were selected and composite samples of individuals representing either Coleoptera or Formicidae were sampled at the individual sampling points. The results indicate the ability of Coleoptera and Formicidae organisms to accumulate risk elements, especially at the location with extremely high soil risk element content. In soil containing up to 841 mg As kg^-1, 84.6 mg Cd kg^-1, 4250 mg Pb kg^-1 and 8542 mg Zn kg^-1, contents in insect bodies reached 239 mg As kg^-1 As, 24.2 mg Cd kg^-1, 70.4 mg Pb kg^-1 and 335 mg Zn kg^-1 in beetles and up to 20.9 mg As kg^-1, 29.9 mg Cd kg^-1, 111 mg Pb kg^-1 and 657 mg Zn kg^-1 in ants. Therefore, bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) varied between 0.02 and 0.55. Increasing Cd content in Coleoptera bodies with increasing soil pseudo-total element content was observed only among the investigated elements. However, the results indicate increasing BAF values with decreasing soil element levels, especially for Cd, Pb and Zn, indicating limited uptake of elements by the organisms living in contact with extremely contaminated soil.

A new species of Gaurax from the Czech Republic (Diptera, Chloropidae)

Gauraxsiostrzonekisp. n. (Diptera, Chloropidae) is described from the Czech Republic and the main differential characters are illustrated. A key to the European species of the genus is provided.

Empidinae (Diptera, Empididae) from Bulgaria with new records and descriptions of three new species

Empis (Leptempis) rhodopensis Bartáksp. n.,HilarabulgaricaBartáksp. n., and Rhamphomyia (Amydroneura) stojanovae Bartáksp. n.are described from Bulgaria. Altogether 32 species of Empididae are first reported from Bulgaria.

Checklist of flesh flies of Turkey (Diptera, Sarcophagidae)

A checklist of 153 flesh fly species (Diptera, Sarcophagidae) recorded to date from Turkey is presented. Updating the list was necessary due to the numerous recent records. Records are listed according to provinces.

New records of Sarcophagidae from Turkey (Diptera)

Faunistic records of 68 flesh fly species are presented, and altogether, 22 species are recorded from Turkey for the first time. A further 46 species were recorded for the first time in at least one Turkish province. This paper presents the first locality data for four additional species, which were previously mentioned only generically in catalogues. One new synonym has been established, Servaisia (s. str.) rybaltschenkoi (Verves, 1977) = Blaesoxipha ataturkia Lehrer, 2008, syn. n. Two new combinations are proposed: Helicophagella (Parabellieria) dreyfusi (Lehrer, 1994), comb. n. and Helicophagella (s. str.) bellae (Lehrer, 2000), comb. n.

Frit flies of Turkey with descriptions of two new species and new records (Diptera, Chloropidae)

Faunistic records for 88 frit flies species from southwestern Turkey (Muğla province) and from Samsun (north Turkey) are given. Two species, Dicraeuscivelekisp. n., and Meromyzasamsunensissp. n., are described as new to science. Altogether, nine genera (Calamoncosis, Eribolus, Gaurax, Incertella, Speccafrons, Trachysiphonella, Chloropsina, Eutropha, and Lagaroceras) and 46 species are recorded for the first time from Turkey.

New species and new synonyms in European Platypalpus (Diptera: Hybotidae)

Platypalpus mosticensis sp. nov. (Czech Republic) and P. ibericus sp. nov. (Portugal) are described and illustrated. The male of Platypalpus silvahumidus Barták & Kubík, 2015 is described and illustrated for the first time. Types of all species of Platypalpus described by Italian entomologist Gianni Raffone between 2002 and 2010 were studied. The following nine new synonyms are proposed: Platypalpus canzonerii Raffone, 2002 = P. maculimanus (Zetterstedt, 1842); Platypalpus litoreus Raffone, 2010 = P. flavicornis (Meigen, 1822); Platypalpus pseudoalter Raffone, 2003 = P. boreoalpinus Frey, 1943; Platypalpus pseudostroblii Raffone, 2002 = P. exilis (Meigen, 1822); Platypalpus subwagneri Raffone, 2003 = P. exilis (Meigen, 1822); Platypalpus romaniolus Raffone, 2010 = P. longiseta (Zetterstedt, 1842); Platypalpus subarticulatus Raffone, 2002 = P. articulatus Macquart, 1827; Platypalpus submaculus Raffone, 2002 = P. macula (Zetterstedt, 1842); Platypalpus subpectoralis Raffone, 2002 = P. pectoralis (Fallén, 1815). Variability in the male genitalia of P. boreoalpinus is discussed.

Fanniidae (Diptera): new synonym, new records and an updated key to males of European species of Fannia

Based on revision of large recent collections of the authors, the following five species are first recorded from the Czech Republic: Fannia collini d'Assis-Fonseca, 1966 (simultaneously first record in Central Europe), Fannia lugubrina (Zetterstedt, 1838), Fannia melania (Dufour, 1839), Fannia slovaca Gregor & Rozkošný, 2005, and Fannia brinae Albuquerque, 1951 (simultaneously first record from low altitudes). Another species, Fannia alpina Pont, 1970, is first recorded from Slovak Republic, and Fannia cothurnata (Loew, 1873) is first recorded from Kazakhstan. An updated key to males of European species of Fannia is presented. A list of Czech and Slovak Fanniidae is appended. One new synonym is established: Fannia lucida Chillcott, 1961 is considered junior synonym of Fannia norvegica Ringdahl, 1934. Altogether two species are first recorded from Bohemia [Fannia cothurnata (Loew, 1873) and Fannia vespertilionis Ringdahl, 1934] and three for Moravia [Fannia alpina Pont, 1970, Fannia conspecta Rudzinski, 2003, and Fannia limbata (Tiensuu, 1938) - this species considered in Central Europe very rare was found in numbers near waters both running and standing in early spring under unusually warm temperature conditions].

Three new species of European Platypalpus (Diptera, Hybotidae)

Platypalpusgraecoidessp. n. (Italy), Platypalpuspyreneensissp. n. (Andorra), and Platypalpussilvahumidussp. n. (Czech Republic) are described. All three species are illustrated and keyed. Platypalpushallensis Grootaert & Stark, 1997 is first reported from France and Spain.

MK-801 Impairs Cognitive Coordination on a Rotating Arena (Carousel) and Contextual Specificity of Hippocampal Immediate-Early Gene Expression in a Rat Model of Psychosis

Flexible behavior in dynamic, real-world environments requires more than static spatial learning and memory. Discordant and unstable cues must be organized in coherent subsets to give rise to meaningful spatial representations. We model this form of cognitive coordination on a rotating arena - Carousel where arena- and room-bound spatial cues are dissociated. Hippocampal neuronal ensemble activity can repeatedly switch between multiple representations of such an environment. Injection of tetrodotoxin into one hippocampus prevents cognitive coordination during avoidance of a stationary room-defined place on the Carousel and increases coactivity of previously unrelated neurons in the uninjected hippocampus. Place avoidance on the Carousel is impaired after systemic administration of non-competitive NMDAr blockers (MK-801) used to model schizophrenia in animals and people. We tested if this effect is due to cognitive disorganization or other effect of NMDAr antagonism such as hyperlocomotion, spatial memory impairment, or general learning deficit. We also examined if the same dose of MK-801 alters patterns of immediate-early gene (IEG) expression in the hippocampus. IEG expression is triggered in neuronal nuclei in a context-specific manner after behavioral exploration and it is used to map activity in neuronal populations. IEG expression is critical for maintenance of synaptic plasticity and memory consolidation. We show that the same dose of MK-801 that impairs spatial coordination of rats on the Carousel also eliminates contextual specificity of IEG expression in hippocampal CA1 ensembles. This effect is due to increased similarity between ensembles activated in different environments, consistent with the idea that it is caused by increased coactivity between neurons, which did not previously fire together. Our data support the proposition of the Hypersynchrony theory that cognitive disorganization in psychosis is due to increased coactivity between unrelated neurons.

Species of Bicellaria (Diptera: Hybotidae) from Asia

Bicellaria amankutanensis sp. nov. (Uzbekistan), B. chimganensis sp. nov. (Uzbekistan), B. farkaci sp. nov. (China), B. globulicauda sp. nov. (Uzbekistan), B. koreana sp. nov. (North Korea, Russia), B. kovalevi sp. nov. (Georgia), B. setitibia sp. nov. (Georgia), B. shatalkini sp. nov. (Russia), B. thailandica sp. nov. (Thailand), and B. woodi sp. nov. (Japan) are described and illustrated. Bicellaria montana Kato is newly synonymised with B. uvens Melander. Bicellaria spuria ingrata Collin is considered a distinct species. A key to all known Asian species of Bicellaria is provided.