[Replicative and biochemical ageing mechanisms among females with Turner syndromes]

BACKGROUND

2025 is going to be the 100th anniversary of the first historical description of Turner syndrome - complex of  genomic abnormalities, congenital gonadal disruption and hypergonadotropic hypogonadism. Total estrogenic deficiency triggers development of age-related comorbidities. There is no doubt that personalized search for replicative markers of cellular aging among females with Turner syndrome is needed.

AIM

To evaluate features of replicative (telomere length) and biochemical (lipid profile, calcium-phosphate album, thyroid hormones, markers cytolysis and cholestasis, carbohydrate metabolism, nitrogenic metabolism, electrolytes, FSH) markers among females with Turner syndrome.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Research has been provided in collaboration between Endocrinology Research Centre of the Russian Ministry of Health and Lomonosov Moscow State University Medical Research and Educational Centre in the period since 10.01.2021 until 01.08.2022. Females with non-iatrogenic hypergonadotropic hypogonadism caused by Turner syndrome (45,X0; 45,X/46,XX; 45,X/46,X,r(X); 13-40 y.o.; n=26) and primary ovarian insufficiency (18-39 нyears=26); healthy females of reproductive age (15-49 y.o.; n=24). Patients have undergone laboratory genetic (leucocyte telomere length), biochemical (fasting glycaemia, urea, creatinine, common/conjugated bilirubin, ALT, AST, gamma-glutamyl transferase, triglycerides, HDL-P, LDL-P, common cholesterol, common/ionized calcium, phosphate, vitamin D, sodium/potassium/chlorides, FSH, HbA1c) analyses. Body measurements - body mass, body height. DNA extraction - provided with Qiagen DNA blood mini kit (Germany). Leukocyte telomere length - with real-time polymerase chain reaction PCR (Flow-fish). Soft program IBM SPSS Statistics (version 26,0 for Windows).

RESULTS

1. Females with Turner syndrome have significantly lower mean telomere length (8,22 kB [6,63-9,30]) than with primary ovarian insufficiency (10, 34 кБ [8,41-13,08], p<0,001) and healthy reproductive age females (10,77 kB [9,95-13,16], р>0,05).2. Telomere length correlates directly and significantly with longevity of menopausal hormonal therapy among females with primary ovarian insufficiency (ρ = 505; p<0,001).3. Patients with Turner syndrome are inclined to vitamin D deficiency (р<0,001), dyslipidemia (р=0,01); increase of levels of aminotransferases, cholestasis markers, phosphate and FSH (р<0,001).

CONCLUSION

Turner syndrome is serious genetic disease that leads not only to infertility but to significant decrease of quality/life longevity out of "healthy aging" conception.

[Endocrine and psychosomatic disorders in patients with amenorrhea]

The article presents data on the relationship of pathogenetic mechanisms for the development of menstrual disorders of functional and organic origin in connection with mental disturbances from the point of view of the psychosomatic concept. According to the latter, functional disorders of the menstrual cycle are considered as psychosomatic, in which gynecological pathology develops as a result of psychopathological illness. A striking example of such a disorder is functional hypothalamic amenorrhea. At the same time, endocrinopathies, such as polycystic ovary syndrome and premature ovarian insufficiency, can also be considered in the paradigm of psychosomatic illnesses of ovarian function due to the high prevalence of anxiety and depressive disorders in this cohort of patients. This review highlights the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration between a gynecologist and a psychiatrist for the most effective reproductive rehabilitation of patients with amenorrhea. Literature search was carried out in national (eLibrary, CyberLeninka.ru) and international (PubMed, Cochrane Library) databases in Russian and English. The priority was free access to the full text of articles. The choice of sources was prioritized for the period from 2018 to 2023.However, taking into account the insufficient knowledge of the chosen topic, the choice of sources dates back to 1985.

[Molecular and cellular mechanisms of ageing: modern knowledge (literature review)]

Ageing (as known as eldering, senescence) is a genetically and epigenetically programmed pathophysiological process. Velocity of biological ageing is defined as balance between alteration and reparation of body structures. According to last World Health Organization (WHO) highlights ageing still stays an extremely actual scientific, social and demographic problem: in 2020 total number of people older than 60 years and older was 1 billion people; in 2030 future number may be 1,4 billion people, in 2050 - 2,1 billion people. Absence of single universal theory of aging nowadays is reason for scientifical and clinical collaboration between biologists and doctors, including endocrinologists. Designing of potentially effective newest anti-ageing strategies (such as natural/synthetic telomerase regulators, mesenchymal stem cells etc.) is of interest to scientific community. The aim of present article is a review of modern omics (genomic, proteomic, metabolomic) ageing mechanisms, potential ways of targeted prevention and treatment of age-related disease according to conception of personalized medicine. Present review is narrative, it does not lead to systematic review, meta-analysis and does not aim to commercial advertisement. Review has been provided via PubMed article that have been published since 1979 until 2022.

[The dual role of the menopausal hormonal therapy as the enhancer of pleiotropic telomere rejuvenation and the silencer of cellular aging (literature review)]

Present worldwide healthcare researches prove that female patients are more sensitive to the population aging. Menopause or climacteria (climax) - is not as ageing itself, but a physiological unstoppable process. The main task for a physician is to improve life quality for female despite of ageing problems. Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) due to the estrogen component has an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant effect and promotes the expression of telomerase, which together changes the homeostasis and integrity of telomeres. The use of MHT for five years or more can not only significantly change the quality of life, but also increase its duration. Literature search was carried out in national (eLibrary, CyberLeninka.ru) and international (PubMed, Cochrane Library) databases in Russian and English. The priority was free access to the full text of articles. The choice of sources was prioritized for the period from 2019 to 2021. However, taking into account the insufficient knowledge of the chosen topic, the choice of sources dates back to 1989.

[Telomere pathology in ontogenesis in patients with Turner syndrome]

According to present medical databases there many trials to provide in vivo researches in vivo to confirm/refute shortening process of telomeres among patients with Turner syndrome. Despite the successful clinical experience of providing such patients with Turner syndrome, a lot of omics (proteomic and metabolomic) aspects still stay unclear. Main disadvantages of most researches are small volume and minimized mathematical correlation with chronic disease (coronary heart disease, essential hypertension, cardiovascular malformations). Finally, organization of international prospective multi-centered researches in vivo including patients with mosaic cariotype and co-operation between physicians and biologists are optimal solutions for this present problem.

[Melatonin status in obese patients with ovarian dysfunction at reproductive age]

BACKGROUND

Melatonin is the main hormone of the pineal gland. By regulating circadian rhythms and being an immune regulator and antioxidant, this hormone takes part in the work of the ovaries: its high concentrations block apoptosis and neutralize reactive oxygen species involved in folliculogenesis, ovulation, egg maturation and corpus luteum formation.

AIM

To study melatonin status and its relationship with menstrual dysfunction and sleep disorders in obese women of reproductive age.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In a one-stage comparative study, women 18-35 years old took part: 30 patients with obesity and menstrual disorders of an inorganic nature and 30 healthy women in the comparison group with normal weight and regular menstrual cycle. All participants underwent a questionnaire to identify somnological disorders, and the level of melatonin in saliva and 6-sulfatoxymelatonin in urine was also investigated.

RESULTS

In the group of patients with obesity (n=30), various sleep disorders were encountered in 47% of cases (p=0.003), including more often obstructive sleep apnea syndrome was recorded (30% of cases), and a correlation was found between the indicators of the questionnaire survey of subjective sleep characteristics and body mass index of patients (r=0.450, p=0.030) compared with a group of healthy women with normal weight (n=30). In the main group, the level of melatonin in saliva was statistically significantly lower than in the control: median 12.6 pg / ml and 25.5 pg / ml, respectively (p=0.008), the same pattern was recorded for 6-sulfatoxymelatonin: 14, 72 pg / ml and 31.12 pg / ml, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Patients with obesity and menstrual dysfunction are more likely to suffer from various sleep disorders and have lower levels of melatonin in saliva and 6-sulfatoxymelatonin in urine.

[Cocaine-amphetamine regulated transcript (CART) - promising omics breakthrough in the endocrinology]

BACKGROUND

The cocaine-amphetamine regulated transcript has been discovered long time ago (circa over 25 years ago) but still stays not enough investigated. Just during last five years scientist's society started providing interest to the genomic, proteomic and metabolic essence of the cocaine-amphetamine regulated transcript.

AIM

The evaluation of historical pathway and perspectives of the cocaine-amphetamine regulated transcript medical investigations.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The literature search has been provided via Russian (eLibrary, CyberLeninka.ru) and international (PubMed, Cochrane Library) databases and among articles on Russian and English languages. The main criteria for article selection was free access and 2019-2021 years of publishing. Although the introduction is based on the articles published in 1989. The present article was created according to the federal project «Central and peripheral pathophysiological mechanisms of adipose tissue diseases and their clinical and hormonal manifestations патофизиологические механизмы развития болезней жировой ткани с учетом клинических и гормональных характеристик» (2020-2022)RESULTS AND CONCLUISON: It is necessary to keep on investigating genomic, proteomic and metabolomic markers because they contain important clues for successful resistance against human diseases. The 21st century is the era of transformation from simple clinical medicine to personalized science. For example, researches in the area of cocaine-amphetamine regulated transcript may result in invention of genetic medicine against dangerous metabolic diseases.