1
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Tormo-Queralt R, Møller CB, Czaplewski DA, Gruber G, Cagetti M, Forstner S, Urgell-Ollé N, Sanchez-Naranjo JA, Samanta C, Miller CS, Bachtold A. Novel Nanotube Multiquantum Dot Devices. Nano Lett 2022; 22:8541-8549. [PMID: 36287197 PMCID: PMC9650726 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Addressable quantum states well isolated from the environment are of considerable interest for quantum information science and technology. Carbon nanotubes are an appealing system, since a perfect crystal can be grown without any missing atoms and its cylindrical structure prevents ill-defined atomic arrangement at the surface. Here, we develop a reliable process to fabricate compact multielectrode circuits that can sustain the harsh conditions of the nanotube growth. Nanotubes are suspended over multiple gate electrodes, which are themselves structured over narrow dielectric ridges to reduce the effect of the charge fluctuators of the substrate. We measure high-quality double- and triple-quantum dot charge stability diagrams. Transport measurements through the triple-quantum dot indicate long-range tunneling of single electrons between the left and right quantum dots. This work paves the way to the realization of a new generation of condensed-matter devices in an ultraclean environment, including spin qubits, mechanical qubits, and quantum simulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tormo-Queralt
- ICFO - Institut De Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C B Møller
- ICFO - Institut De Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - D A Czaplewski
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - G Gruber
- ICFO - Institut De Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Cagetti
- ICFO - Institut De Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Forstner
- ICFO - Institut De Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - N Urgell-Ollé
- ICFO - Institut De Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J A Sanchez-Naranjo
- ICFO - Institut De Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Samanta
- ICFO - Institut De Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C S Miller
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - A Bachtold
- ICFO - Institut De Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
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2
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Tepsic S, Gruber G, Møller CB, Magén C, Belardinelli P, Hernández ER, Alijani F, Verlot P, Bachtold A. Interrelation of Elasticity and Thermal Bath in Nanotube Cantilevers. Phys Rev Lett 2021; 126:175502. [PMID: 33988423 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.175502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We report the first study on the thermal behavior of the stiffness of individual carbon nanotubes, which is achieved by measuring the resonance frequency of their fundamental mechanical bending modes. We observe a reduction of the Young's modulus over a large temperature range with a slope -(173±65) ppm/K in its relative shift. These findings are reproduced by two different theoretical models based on the thermal dynamics of the lattice. These results reveal how the measured fundamental bending modes depend on the phonons in the nanotube via the Young's modulus. An alternative description based on the coupling between the measured mechanical modes and the phonon thermal bath in the Akhiezer limit is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tepsic
- ICFO-Institut De Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - G Gruber
- ICFO-Institut De Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - C B Møller
- ICFO-Institut De Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - C Magén
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - P Belardinelli
- DICEA, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - E R Hernández
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - F Alijani
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, 3ME, Mekelweg 2, (2628 CD) Delft, The Netherlands
| | - P Verlot
- School of Physics and Astronomy-The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - A Bachtold
- ICFO-Institut De Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
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3
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Yang W, Urgell C, De Bonis SL, Margańska M, Grifoni M, Bachtold A. Fabry-Pérot Oscillations in Correlated Carbon Nanotubes. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 125:187701. [PMID: 33196239 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.187701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report the observation of an intriguing behavior in the transport properties of nanodevices operating in a regime between the Fabry-Pérot and the Kondo limits. Using ultrahigh quality nanotube devices, we study how the conductance oscillates when sweeping the gate voltage. Surprisingly, we observe a fourfold enhancement of the oscillation period upon decreasing temperature, signaling a crossover from single-electron tunneling to Fabry-Pérot interference. These results suggest that the Fabry-Pérot interference occurs in a regime where electrons are correlated. The link between the measured correlated Fabry-Pérot oscillations and the SU(4) Kondo effect is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Yang
- ICFO-Institut De Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - C Urgell
- ICFO-Institut De Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - S L De Bonis
- ICFO-Institut De Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - M Margańska
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - M Grifoni
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - A Bachtold
- ICFO-Institut De Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
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4
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Gruber G, Urgell C, Tavernarakis A, Stavrinadis A, Tepsic S, Magén C, Sangiao S, de Teresa JM, Verlot P, Bachtold A. Mass Sensing for the Advanced Fabrication of Nanomechanical Resonators. Nano Lett 2019; 19:6987-6992. [PMID: 31478676 PMCID: PMC6788197 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b02351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We report on a nanomechanical engineering method to monitor matter growth in real time via e-beam electromechanical coupling. This method relies on the exceptional mass sensing capabilities of nanomechanical resonators. Focused electron beam-induced deposition (FEBID) is employed to selectively grow platinum particles at the free end of singly clamped nanotube cantilevers. The electron beam has two functions: it allows both to grow material on the nanotube and to track in real time the deposited mass by probing the noise-driven mechanical resonance of the nanotube. On the one hand, this detection method is highly effective as it can resolve mass deposition with a resolution in the zeptogram range; on the other hand, this method is simple to use and readily available to a wide range of potential users because it can be operated in existing commercial FEBID systems without making any modification. The presented method allows one to engineer hybrid nanomechanical resonators with precisely tailored functionalities. It also appears as a new tool for studying the growth dynamics of ultrathin nanostructures, opening new opportunities for investigating so far out-of-reach physics of FEBID and related methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Gruber
- ICFO
- Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona
Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C. Urgell
- ICFO
- Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona
Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A. Tavernarakis
- ICFO
- Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona
Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A. Stavrinadis
- ICFO
- Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona
Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S. Tepsic
- ICFO
- Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona
Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C. Magén
- Instituto
de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Laboratorio
de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), Instituto de Nanociencia de
Aragón (INA), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - S. Sangiao
- Instituto
de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Laboratorio
de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), Instituto de Nanociencia de
Aragón (INA), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - J. M. de Teresa
- Instituto
de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Laboratorio
de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), Instituto de Nanociencia de
Aragón (INA), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - P. Verlot
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, The University
of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United
Kingdom
| | - A. Bachtold
- ICFO
- Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona
Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
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5
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Yang W, Graef H, Lu X, Zhang G, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Bachtold A, Teo EHT, Baudin E, Bocquillon E, Fève G, Berroir JM, Carpentier D, Goerbig MO, Plaçais B. Landau Velocity for Collective Quantum Hall Breakdown in Bilayer Graphene. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 121:136804. [PMID: 30312074 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.136804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Breakdown of the quantum Hall effect (QHE) is commonly associated with an electric field approaching the inter-Landau-level (LL) Zener field, the ratio of the Landau gap and the cyclotron radius. Eluded in semiconducting heterostructures, in spite of extensive investigation, the intrinsic Zener limit is reported here using high-mobility bilayer graphene and high-frequency current noise. We show that collective excitations arising from electron-electron interactions are essential. Beyond a noiseless ballistic QHE regime a large super-Poissonian shot noise signals the breakdown via inter-LL scattering. The breakdown is ultimately limited by collective excitations in a regime where phonon and impurity scattering are quenched. The breakdown mechanism can be described by a Landau critical velocity as it bears strong similarities with the roton mechanism of superfluids. In addition, we show that breakdown is a precursor of an electric-field induced QHE-metal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Yang
- Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - H Graef
- Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
- CINTRA, UMI 3288, CNRS/NTU/Thales, Research Techno Plaza, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637553 Singapore
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 50 Nanyang Ave, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - X Lu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - G Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - T Taniguchi
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - K Watanabe
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - A Bachtold
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - E H T Teo
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 50 Nanyang Ave, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - E Baudin
- Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - E Bocquillon
- Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - G Fève
- Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - J-M Berroir
- Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - D Carpentier
- University of Lyon, ENS de Lyon, University Claude Bernard, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique, Lyon F-69342, France
| | - M O Goerbig
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, CNRS UMR 8502, University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - B Plaçais
- Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
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6
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de Bonis SL, Urgell C, Yang W, Samanta C, Noury A, Vergara-Cruz J, Dong Q, Jin Y, Bachtold A. Ultrasensitive Displacement Noise Measurement of Carbon Nanotube Mechanical Resonators. Nano Lett 2018; 18:5324-5328. [PMID: 30062893 PMCID: PMC6089494 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b02437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical resonators based on a single carbon nanotube are exceptional sensors of mass and force. The force sensitivity in these ultralight resonators is often limited by the noise in the detection of the vibrations. Here, we report on an ultrasensitive scheme based on a RLC resonator and a low-temperature amplifier to detect nanotube vibrations. We also show a new fabrication process of electromechanical nanotube resonators to reduce the separation between the suspended nanotube and the gate electrode down to ∼150 nm. These advances in detection and fabrication allow us to reach [Formula: see text] displacement sensitivity. Thermal vibrations cooled cryogenically at 300 mK are detected with a signal-to-noise ratio as high as 17 dB. We demonstrate [Formula: see text] force sensitivity, which is the best force sensitivity achieved thus far with a mechanical resonator. Our work is an important step toward imaging individual nuclear spins and studying the coupling between mechanical vibrations and electrons in different quantum electron transport regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L de Bonis
- ICFO - Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona , Spain
| | - C Urgell
- ICFO - Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona , Spain
| | - W Yang
- ICFO - Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona , Spain
| | - C Samanta
- ICFO - Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona , Spain
| | - A Noury
- ICFO - Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona , Spain
| | - J Vergara-Cruz
- ICFO - Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona , Spain
| | - Q Dong
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS , University of Paris-Sud, University of Paris-Saclay, C2N Marcoussis, 91460 Marcoussis , France
| | - Y Jin
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS , University of Paris-Sud, University of Paris-Saclay, C2N Marcoussis, 91460 Marcoussis , France
| | - A Bachtold
- ICFO - Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona , Spain
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7
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Tavernarakis A, Stavrinadis A, Nowak A, Tsioutsios I, Bachtold A, Verlot P. Optomechanics with a hybrid carbon nanotube resonator. Nat Commun 2018; 9:662. [PMID: 29445160 PMCID: PMC5813052 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03097-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In just 20 years of history, the field of optomechanics has achieved impressive progress, stepping into the quantum regime just 5 years ago. Such remarkable advance relies on the technological revolution of nano-optomechanical systems, whose sensitivity towards thermal decoherence is strongly limited due to their ultra-low mass. Here we report a hybrid approach pushing nano-optomechanics to even lower scales. The concept relies on synthesising an efficient optical scatterer at the tip of singly clamped carbon nanotube resonators. We demonstrate high signal-to-noise motion readout and record force sensitivity, two orders of magnitude below the state of the art. Our work opens the perspective to extend quantum experiments and applications at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tavernarakis
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Stavrinadis
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Nowak
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860, Barcelona, Spain
| | - I Tsioutsios
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Bachtold
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860, Barcelona, Spain
| | - P Verlot
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860, Barcelona, Spain. .,Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, 69622, Villeurbanne, France.
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8
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Will M, Hamer M, Müller M, Noury A, Weber P, Bachtold A, Gorbachev RV, Stampfer C, Güttinger J. High Quality Factor Graphene-Based Two-Dimensional Heterostructure Mechanical Resonator. Nano Lett 2017; 17:5950-5955. [PMID: 28906119 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b01845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Ultralight mechanical resonators based on low-dimensional materials are well suited as exceptional transducers of minuscule forces or mass changes. However, the low dimensionality also provides a challenge to minimize resistive losses and heating. Here, we report on a novel approach that aims to combine different two-dimensional (2D) materials to tackle this challenge. We fabricated a heterostructure mechanical resonator consisting of few layers of niobium diselenide (NbSe2) encapsulated by two graphene sheets. The hybrid membrane shows high quality factors up to 245,000 at low temperatures, comparable to the best few-layer graphene mechanical resonators. In contrast to few-layer graphene resonators, the device shows reduced electrical losses attributed to the lower resistivity of the NbSe2 layer. The peculiar low-temperature dependence of the intrinsic quality factor points to dissipation over two-level systems which in turn relax over the electronic system. Our high sensitivity readout is enabled by coupling the membrane to a superconducting cavity which allows for the integration of the hybrid mechanical resonator as a sensitive and low loss transducer in future quantum circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Will
- JARA-FIT and 2nd Institute of Physics, RWTH Aachen University , 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - M Hamer
- School of Physics and Astronomy and Manchester Centre for Mesoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - M Müller
- JARA-FIT and 2nd Institute of Physics, RWTH Aachen University , 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - A Noury
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - P Weber
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Bachtold
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - R V Gorbachev
- School of Physics and Astronomy and Manchester Centre for Mesoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - C Stampfer
- JARA-FIT and 2nd Institute of Physics, RWTH Aachen University , 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich , 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - J Güttinger
- JARA-FIT and 2nd Institute of Physics, RWTH Aachen University , 52074 Aachen, Germany
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9
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Tsioutsios I, Tavernarakis A, Osmond J, Verlot P, Bachtold A. Real-Time Measurement of Nanotube Resonator Fluctuations in an Electron Microscope. Nano Lett 2017; 17:1748-1755. [PMID: 28186773 PMCID: PMC5354313 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b05065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical resonators based on low-dimensional materials provide a unique platform for exploring a broad range of physical phenomena. The mechanical vibrational states are indeed extremely sensitive to charges, spins, photons, and adsorbed masses. However, the roadblock is often the readout of the resonator, because the detection of the vibrational states becomes increasingly difficult for smaller resonators. Here, we report an unprecedentedly sensitive method to detect nanotube resonators with effective masses in the 10-20 kg range. We use the beam of an electron microscope to resolve the mechanical fluctuations of a nanotube in real-time for the first time. We obtain full access to the thermally driven Brownian motion of the resonator, both in space and time domains. Our results establish the viability of carbon nanotube resonator technology at room temperature and pave the way toward the observation of novel thermodynamics regimes and quantum effects in nanomechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Tsioutsios
- ICFO-Institut de
Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels
(Barcelona), Spain
| | - A. Tavernarakis
- ICFO-Institut de
Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels
(Barcelona), Spain
| | - J. Osmond
- ICFO-Institut de
Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels
(Barcelona), Spain
| | - P. Verlot
- ICFO-Institut de
Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels
(Barcelona), Spain
- Univ Lyon, Université
Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622 Lyon, France
- E-mail:
| | - A. Bachtold
- ICFO-Institut de
Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels
(Barcelona), Spain
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10
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Zhang Y, Moser J, Güttinger J, Bachtold A, Dykman MI. Interplay of driving and frequency noise in the spectra of vibrational systems. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 113:255502. [PMID: 25554894 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.255502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We study the spectral effect of the fluctuations of the vibration frequency. Such fluctuations play a major role in nanomechanical and other mesoscopic vibrational systems. We find that, for periodically driven systems, the interplay of the driving and frequency fluctuations results in specific spectral features. We present measurements on a carbon nanotube resonator and show that our theory allows not only the characterization of the frequency fluctuations but also the quantification of the decay rate without ring-down measurements. The results bear on identifying the decoherence of mesoscopic oscillators and on the general problem of resonance fluorescence and light scattering by oscillators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxing Zhang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - J Moser
- ICFO, Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, Mediterranean Technology Park, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Güttinger
- ICFO, Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, Mediterranean Technology Park, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Bachtold
- ICFO, Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, Mediterranean Technology Park, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M I Dykman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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11
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Moser J, Eichler A, Güttinger J, Dykman MI, Bachtold A. Nanotube mechanical resonators with quality factors of up to 5 million. Nat Nanotechnol 2014; 9:1007-11. [PMID: 25344688 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2014.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotube mechanical resonators have attracted considerable interest because of their small mass, the high quality of their surfaces, and the pristine electronic states they host. However, their small dimensions result in fragile vibrational states that are difficult to measure. Here, we observe quality factors Q as high as 5 × 10(6) in ultra-clean nanotube resonators at a cryostat temperature of 30 mK, where we define Q as the ratio of the resonant frequency over the linewidth. Measuring such high quality factors requires the use of an ultra-low-noise method to rapidly detect minuscule vibrations, as well as careful reduction of the noise of the electrostatic environment. We observe that the measured quality factors fluctuate because of fluctuations of the resonant frequency. We measure record-high quality factors, which are comparable to the highest Q values reported in mechanical resonators of much larger size, a remarkable result considering that reducing the size of resonators is usually concomitant with decreasing quality factors. The combination of ultra-low mass and very large Q offers new opportunities for ultra-sensitive detection schemes and quantum optomechanical experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Moser
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, Mediterranean Technology Park, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - A Eichler
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, Mediterranean Technology Park, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - J Güttinger
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, Mediterranean Technology Park, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - M I Dykman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - A Bachtold
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, Mediterranean Technology Park, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
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12
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Tavernarakis A, Chaste J, Eichler A, Ceballos G, Gordillo MC, Boronat J, Bachtold A. Atomic monolayer deposition on the surface of nanotube mechanical resonators. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 112:196103. [PMID: 24877950 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.196103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We study monolayers of noble gas atoms (Xe, Kr, Ar, and Ne) deposited on individual ultraclean suspended nanotubes. For this, we record the resonance frequency of the mechanical motion of the nanotube, since it provides a direct measure of the coverage. The latter is the number of adsorbed atoms divided by the number of the carbon atoms of the suspended nanotube. Monolayers form when the temperature is lowered in a constant pressure of noble gas atoms. The coverage of Xe monolayers remains constant at 1/6 over a large temperature range. This finding reveals that Xe monolayers are solid phases with a triangular atomic arrangement, and are commensurate with the underlying carbon nanotube. By comparing our measurements to theoretical calculations, we identify the phases of Ar and Ne monolayers as fluids, and we tentatively describe Kr monolayers as solid phases. These results underscore that mechanical resonators made from single nanotubes are excellent probes for surface science.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tavernarakis
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, Mediterranean Technology Park, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Chaste
- Institut Català de Nanotecnologia, Campus de la UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - A Eichler
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, Mediterranean Technology Park, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain and Institut Català de Nanotecnologia, Campus de la UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - G Ceballos
- Institut Català de Nanotecnologia, Campus de la UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M C Gordillo
- Departamento de Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera, km 1, E-41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - J Boronat
- Departament de Física i Enginyeria Nuclear, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, B4-B5 Campus Nord, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Bachtold
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, Mediterranean Technology Park, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain and Institut Català de Nanotecnologia, Campus de la UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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13
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Weber P, Güttinger J, Tsioutsios I, Chang DE, Bachtold A. Coupling graphene mechanical resonators to superconducting microwave cavities. Nano Lett 2014; 14:2854-60. [PMID: 24745803 DOI: 10.1021/nl500879k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Graphene is an attractive material for nanomechanical devices because it allows for exceptional properties, such as high frequencies, quality factors, and low mass. An outstanding challenge, however, has been to obtain large coupling between the motion and external systems for efficient readout and manipulation. Here, we report on a novel approach, in which we capacitively couple a high-Q graphene mechanical resonator (Q ≈ 10(5)) to a superconducting microwave cavity. The initial devices exhibit a large single-photon coupling of ∼10 Hz. Remarkably, we can electrostatically change the graphene equilibrium position and thereby tune the single photon coupling, the mechanical resonance frequency, and the sign and magnitude of the observed Duffing nonlinearity. The strong tunability opens up new possibilities, such as the tuning of the optomechanical coupling strength on a time scale faster than the inverse of the cavity line width. With realistic improvements, it should be possible to enter the regime of quantum optomechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Weber
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques , Mediterranean Technology Park, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
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14
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Eichler A, Moser J, Dykman M, Bachtold A. Symmetry breaking in a mechanical resonator made from a carbon nanotube. Nat Commun 2013; 4:2843. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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15
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Afshar Farniya A, Esplandiu MJ, Reguera D, Bachtold A. Imaging the proton concentration and mapping the spatial distribution of the electric field of catalytic micropumps. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 111:168301. [PMID: 24182306 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.168301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic engines can use hydrogen peroxide as a chemical fuel in order to drive motion at the microscale. The chemo-mechanical actuation is a complex mechanism based on the interrelation between catalytic reactions and electro-hydrodynamics phenomena. We studied catalytic micropumps using fluorescence confocal microscopy to image the concentration of protons in the liquid. In addition, we measured the motion of particles with different charges in order to map the spatial distributions of the electric field, the electrostatic potential and the fluid flow. The combination of these two techniques allows us to contrast the gradient of the concentration of protons against the spatial variation in the electric field. We present numerical simulations that reproduce the experimental results. Our work sheds light on the interrelation between the different processes at work in the chemomechanical actuation of catalytic pumps. Our experimental approach could be used to study other electrochemical systems with heterogeneous electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Afshar Farniya
- ICN2-Institut Catala de Nanociencia i Nanotecnologia, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
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16
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Moser J, Güttinger J, Eichler A, Esplandiu MJ, Liu DE, Dykman MI, Bachtold A. Ultrasensitive force detection with a nanotube mechanical resonator. Nat Nanotechnol 2013; 8:493-6. [PMID: 23748195 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2013.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Since the advent of atomic force microscopy, mechanical resonators have been used to study a wide variety of phenomena, including the dynamics of individual electron spins, persistent currents in normal metal rings and the Casimir force. Key to these experiments is the ability to measure weak forces. Here, we report on force sensing experiments with a sensitivity of 12 zN Hz(-1/2) at a temperature of 1.2 K using a resonator made of a carbon nanotube. An ultrasensitive method based on cross-correlated electrical noise measurements, in combination with parametric downconversion, is used to detect the low-amplitude vibrations of the nanotube induced by weak forces. The force sensitivity is quantified by applying a known capacitive force. This detection method also allows us to measure the Brownian vibrations of the nanotube down to cryogenic temperatures. Force sensing with nanotube resonators offers new opportunities for detecting and manipulating individual nuclear spins as well as for magnetometry measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Moser
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, Mediterranean Technology Park, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Eichler A, del Álamo Ruiz M, Plaza JA, Bachtold A. Strong coupling between mechanical modes in a nanotube resonator. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 109:025503. [PMID: 23030178 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.025503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We report on the nonlinear coupling between the mechanical modes of a nanotube resonator. The coupling is revealed in a pump-probe experiment where a mode driven by a pump force is shown to modify the motion of a second mode measured with a probe force. In a second series of experiments, we actuate the resonator with only one oscillating force. Mechanical resonances feature exotic line shapes with reproducible dips, peaks, and jumps when the measured mode is commensurate with another mode with a frequency ratio of either 2 or 3. Conventional line shapes are recovered by detuning the frequency ratio using the voltage on a nearby gate electrode. The exotic line shapes are attributed to strong coupling between the mechanical modes. The possibility to control the strength of the coupling with the gate voltage holds promise for various experiments, such as quantum manipulation, mechanical signal processing, and the study of the quantum-to-classical transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Eichler
- Institut Català de Nanotecnologia, Campus de la UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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18
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Chaste J, Eichler A, Moser J, Ceballos G, Rurali R, Bachtold A. A nanomechanical mass sensor with yoctogram resolution. Nat Nanotechnol 2012; 7:301-4. [PMID: 22466856 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2012.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Nanomechanical resonators have been used to weigh cells, biomolecules and gas molecules, and to study basic phenomena in surface science, such as phase transitions and diffusion. These experiments all rely on the ability of nanomechanical mass sensors to resolve small masses. Here, we report mass sensing experiments with a resolution of 1.7 yg (1 yg = 10(-24) g), which corresponds to the mass of one proton. The resonator is a carbon nanotube of length ∼150 nm that vibrates at a frequency of almost 2 GHz. This unprecedented level of sensitivity allows us to detect adsorption events of naphthalene molecules (C(10)H(8)), and to measure the binding energy of a xenon atom on the nanotube surface. These ultrasensitive nanotube resonators could have applications in mass spectrometry, magnetometry and surface science.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chaste
- Catalan Institute of Nanotechnology, CIN2(ICN-CSIC), Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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19
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Eichler A, Moser J, Chaste J, Zdrojek M, Wilson-Rae I, Bachtold A. Nonlinear damping in mechanical resonators made from carbon nanotubes and graphene. Nat Nanotechnol 2011; 6:339-42. [PMID: 21572430 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2011.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The theory of damping is discussed in Newton's Principia and has been tested in objects as diverse as the Foucault pendulum, the mirrors in gravitational-wave detectors and submicrometre mechanical resonators. In general, the damping observed in these systems can be described by a linear damping force. Advances in nanofabrication mean that it is now possible to explore damping in systems with one or more atomic-scale dimensions. Here we study the damping of mechanical resonators based on carbon nanotubes and graphene sheets. The damping is found to strongly depend on the amplitude of motion, and can be described by a nonlinear rather than a linear damping force. We exploit the nonlinear nature of damping in these systems to improve the figures of merit for both nanotube and graphene resonators. For instance, we achieve a quality factor of 100,000 for a graphene resonator.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Eichler
- CIN2 (ICN-CSIC), Catalan Institute of Nanotechnology, Campus de UAB 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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20
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Sacha GM, Cardellach M, Segura JJ, Moser J, Bachtold A, Fraxedas J, Verdaguer A. Influence of the macroscopic shape of the tip on the contrast in scanning polarization force microscopy images. Nanotechnology 2009; 20:285704. [PMID: 19550016 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/20/28/285704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that a quantitative analysis of the contrast obtained in electrostatic force microscopy images that probe the dielectric response of the sample (scanning polarization force microscopy (SPFM)) requires numerical simulations that take into account both the macroscopic shape of the tip and the nanoscopic tip apex. To simulate the SPFM contrast, we have used the generalized image charge method (GICM), which is able to accurately deal with distances between a few nanometers and several microns, thus involving more than three orders of magnitude. Our numerical simulations show that the macroscopic shape of the tip accounts for most of the SPFM contrast. Moreover, we find a quasi-linear relation between the working tip-sample distance and the contrast for tip radii between 50 and 200 nm. Our calculations are compared with experimental measurements of the contrast between a thermally grown silicon oxide sample and a few-layer graphene film transferred onto it.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Sacha
- Grupo de Neurocomputación Biológica Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
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21
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Abstract
Shrinking mechanical resonators to submicrometer dimensions (approximately 100 nm) has tremendously improved capabilities in sensing applications. In this Letter, we go further in size reduction using a 1 nm diameter carbon nanotube as a mechanical resonator for mass sensing. The performances, which are tested by measuring the mass of evaporated chromium atoms, are exceptional. The mass responsivity is measured to be 11 Hz x yg(-1) and the mass resolution is 25 zg at room temperature (1 yg = 10(-24) g and 1 zg = 10(-21) g). By cooling the nanotube down to 5 K in a cryostat, the signal for the detection of mechanical vibrations is improved and corresponds to a resolution of 1.4 zg.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Lassagne
- CIN2(CSIC-ICN) Barcelona, campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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22
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Garcia-Sanchez D, van der Zande AM, Paulo AS, Lassagne B, McEuen PL, Bachtold A. Imaging mechanical vibrations in suspended graphene sheets. Nano Lett 2008; 8:1399-1403. [PMID: 18402478 DOI: 10.1021/nl080201h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We carried out measurements on nanoelectromechanical systems based on multilayer graphene sheets suspended over trenches in silicon oxide. The motion of the suspended sheets was electrostatically driven at resonance using applied radio frequency voltages. The mechanical vibrations were detected using a novel form of scanning probe microscopy, which allowed identification and spatial imaging of the shape of the mechanical eigenmodes. In as many as half the resonators measured, we observed a new class of exotic nanoscale vibration eigenmodes not predicted by the elastic beam theory, where the amplitude of vibration is maximum at the free edges. By modeling the suspended sheets with the finite element method, these edge eigenmodes are shown to be the result of nonuniform stress with remarkably large magnitudes (up to 1.5 GPa). This nonuniform stress, which arises from the way graphene is prepared by pressing or rubbing bulk graphite against another surface, should be taken into account in future studies on electronic and mechanical properties of graphene.
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23
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Garcia-Sanchez D, San Paulo A, Esplandiu MJ, Perez-Murano F, Forró L, Aguasca A, Bachtold A. Mechanical detection of carbon nanotube resonator vibrations. Phys Rev Lett 2007; 99:085501. [PMID: 17930953 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.99.085501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2006] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Bending-mode vibrations of carbon nanotube resonators were mechanically detected in air at atmospheric pressure by means of a novel scanning force microscopy method. The fundamental and higher order bending eigenmodes were imaged at up to 3.1 GHz with subnanometer resolution in vibration amplitude. The resonance frequency and the eigenmode shape of multiwall nanotubes are consistent with the elastic beam theory for a doubly clamped beam. For single-wall nanotubes, however, resonance frequencies are significantly shifted, which is attributed to fabrication generating, for example, slack. The effect of slack is studied by pulling down the tube with the tip, which drastically reduces the resonance frequency.
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24
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Gao B, Chen YF, Fuhrer MS, Glattli DC, Bachtold A. Four-point resistance of individual single-wall carbon nanotubes. Phys Rev Lett 2005; 95:196802. [PMID: 16384008 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.95.196802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the resistance of single-wall carbon nanotubes measured in a four-point configuration with noninvasive voltage electrodes. The voltage drop is detected using multiwalled carbon nanotubes while the current is injected through nanofabricated Au electrodes. The resistance at room temperature is shown to be linear with the length as expected for a classical resistor. This changes at cryogenic temperature; the four-point resistance then depends on the resistance at the Au-tube interfaces and can even become negative due to quantum-interference effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Gao
- Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 75231 Paris 05, France
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25
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Bourlon B, Miko C, Forró L, Glattli DC, Bachtold A. Determination of the intershell conductance in multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Phys Rev Lett 2004; 93:176806. [PMID: 15525107 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.93.176806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We report on the intershell electron transport in multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs). To do this, local and nonlocal four-point measurements are used to study the current path through the different shells of a MWNT. For short electrode separations less, similar 1 mum the current mainly flows through the two outer shells, described by a resistive transmission line with an intershell conductance per length of approximately (10 kOmega)(-1)/microm. The intershell transport is tunnel type and the transmission is consistent with the estimate based on the overlap between pi orbitals of neighboring shells.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bourlon
- Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris 05, France
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26
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Gao B, Komnik A, Egger R, Glattli DC, Bachtold A. Evidence for Luttinger-liquid behavior in crossed metallic single-wall nanotubes. Phys Rev Lett 2004; 92:216804. [PMID: 15245306 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.92.216804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Transport measurements through crossed metallic single-wall nanotubes are presented. We observe a zero-bias anomaly in one tube which is suppressed by a current flowing through the other nanotube. These results are compared with a Luttinger-liquid model which takes into account electrostatic tube-tube coupling together with crossing-induced backscattering processes. Explicit solution of a simplified model is able to describe qualitatively the observed experimental data with only one adjustable parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Gao
- Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 75231 Paris 05, France
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27
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Bourlon B, Glattli DC, Plaçais B, Berroir JM, Miko C, Forró L, Bachtold A. Geometrical dependence of high-bias current in multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Phys Rev Lett 2004; 92:026804. [PMID: 14753954 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.92.026804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the high-bias transport properties of the different shells that constitute a multiwalled carbon nanotube. The current is shown to be reduced as the shell diameter is decreased or the length is increased. We assign this geometrical dependence to the competition between the electron-phonon scattering process and Zener tunneling.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bourlon
- Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris 05, France
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28
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Buitelaar MR, Bachtold A, Nussbaumer T, Iqbal M, Schönenberger C. Multiwall carbon nanotubes as quantum dots. Phys Rev Lett 2002; 88:156801. [PMID: 11955211 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.88.156801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We have measured the differential conductance of individual multiwall carbon nanotubes. Coulomb blockade and energy level quantization are observed. The electron levels are nearly fourfold degenerate (including spin) and their evolution in magnetic field (Zeeman splitting) agrees with a g factor of 2. In zero magnetic field the sequential filling of states evolves with spin S according to S = 0-->1/2-->0.... A Kondo enhancement of the conductance is observed when the number of electrons on the tube is odd.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Buitelaar
- Institut für Physik, Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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29
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Abstract
We demonstrate logic circuits with field-effect transistors based on single carbon nanotubes. Our device layout features local gates that provide excellent capacitive coupling between the gate and nanotube, enabling strong electrostatic doping of the nanotube from p-doping to n-doping and the study of the nonconventional long-range screening of charge along the one-dimensional nanotubes. The transistors show favorable device characteristics such as high gain (>10), a large on-off ratio (>10(5)), and room-temperature operation. Importantly, the local-gate layout allows for integration of multiple devices on a single chip. Indeed, we demonstrate one-, two-, and three-transistor circuits that exhibit a range of digital logic operations, such as an inverter, a logic NOR, a static random-access memory cell, and an ac ring oscillator.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bachtold
- Department of Applied Physics, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, Netherlands
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31
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Bachtold A, de Jonge M, Grove-Rasmussen K, McEuen PL, Buitelaar M, Schönenberger C. Suppression of tunneling into multiwall carbon nanotubes. Phys Rev Lett 2001; 87:166801. [PMID: 11690223 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.87.166801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We have studied tunneling of electrons into multiwall carbon nanotubes (NTs) in NT-gold and NT-NT junctions, the latter created by atomic force microscope manipulation. The tunneling conductance goes to zero as the energy (temperature and bias) is reduced, and the functional form is consistent with a power law. The exponents depend upon sample geometry. The relationship between these results and theories for tunneling into ballistic and disordered metals is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bachtold
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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32
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Bachtold A, Fuhrer MS, Plyasunov S, Forero M, Anderson EH, Zettl A, McEuen PL. Scanned probe microscopy of electronic transport in carbon nanotubes. Phys Rev Lett 2000; 84:6082-6085. [PMID: 10991129 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.84.6082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We use electrostatic force microscopy and scanned gate microscopy to probe the conducting properties of carbon nanotubes at room temperature. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes are shown to be diffusive conductors, while metallic single-walled carbon nanotubes are ballistic conductors over micron lengths. Semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes are shown to have a series of large barriers to conduction along their length. These measurements are also used to probe the contact resistance and locate breaks in carbon nanotube circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bachtold
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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33
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Schönenberger C, van der Zande BMI, Fokkink LGJ, Henny M, Schmid C, Krüger M, Bachtold A, Huber R, Birk H, Staufer U. Template Synthesis of Nanowires in Porous Polycarbonate Membranes: Electrochemistry and Morphology. J Phys Chem B 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp963938g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 415] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Schönenberger
- Philips Research Laboratories, Professor Holstlaan 4, NL-5656 AA Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and University of Basel, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - B. M. I. van der Zande
- Philips Research Laboratories, Professor Holstlaan 4, NL-5656 AA Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and University of Basel, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - L. G. J. Fokkink
- Philips Research Laboratories, Professor Holstlaan 4, NL-5656 AA Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and University of Basel, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - M. Henny
- Philips Research Laboratories, Professor Holstlaan 4, NL-5656 AA Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and University of Basel, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - C. Schmid
- Philips Research Laboratories, Professor Holstlaan 4, NL-5656 AA Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and University of Basel, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - M. Krüger
- Philips Research Laboratories, Professor Holstlaan 4, NL-5656 AA Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and University of Basel, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - A. Bachtold
- Philips Research Laboratories, Professor Holstlaan 4, NL-5656 AA Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and University of Basel, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - R. Huber
- Philips Research Laboratories, Professor Holstlaan 4, NL-5656 AA Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and University of Basel, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - H. Birk
- Philips Research Laboratories, Professor Holstlaan 4, NL-5656 AA Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and University of Basel, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - U. Staufer
- Philips Research Laboratories, Professor Holstlaan 4, NL-5656 AA Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and University of Basel, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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