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Bernjak A, Novodvorsky P, Chow E, Iqbal A, Sellors L, Williams S, Fawdry RA, Marques JLB, Jacques RM, Campbell MJ, Sheridan PJ, Heller SR. Cardiac arrhythmias and electrophysiologic responses during spontaneous hyperglycaemia in adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab 2021; 47:101237. [PMID: 33647473 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2021.101237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
AIM We examined the effect of spontaneous hyperglycaemia in adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and without history of cardiovascular disease on heart rate variability (HRV), cardiac repolarisation and incidence of cardiac arrhythmias. METHODS Thirty-seven individuals with T1DM (age 17-50 years, 19 males, mean duration of diabetes 19.3 SD(9.6) years) underwent 96 h of simultaneous ambulatory 12-lead Holter ECG and blinded continuous interstitial glucose (IG) monitoring (CGM). HRV, QT interval and cardiac repolarisation were assessed during hyperglycaemia (IG ≥ 15 mmol/l) and compared with matched euglycaemia (IG 5-10 mmol/l) on a different day, separately during the day and night. Rates of arrhythmias were assessed by calculating incidence rate differences. RESULTS Simultaneous ECG and CGM data were recorded for 2395 hours. During daytime hyperglycaemia vs euglycaemia the mean QTc interval duration was 404 SD(21)ms vs 407 SD(20)ms, P = 0.263. T-peak to T-end interval duration corrected for heart rate (TpTendc) shortened: 74.8 SD(16.1)ms vs 79.0 SD(14.8)ms, P = 0.033 and T-wave symmetry increased: 1.62 SD(0.33) vs 1.50 SD(0.39), P = 0.02. During night-time hyperglycaemia vs euglycaemia, the mean QTc interval duration was 401 SD(26)ms vs 404 SD(27)ms, P = 0.13 and TpTend shortened: 62.4 SD(12.0)ms vs 67.1 SD(11.8)ms, P = 0.003. The number of cardiac arrhythmias was low and confined to bradycardia and isolated ectopic beats. A considerable inter-subject and diurnal variability was observed. CONCLUSIONS Hyperglycaemia in individuals with T1DM without known cardiovascular disease was not associated with clinically important cardiac arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bernjak
- Department of Oncology & Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; INSIGNEO Institute for in silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - P Novodvorsky
- Department of Oncology & Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - E Chow
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - A Iqbal
- Department of Oncology & Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - L Sellors
- Department of Oncology & Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - S Williams
- Department of Oncology & Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - R A Fawdry
- Department of Oncology & Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - J L B Marques
- Department of Oncology & Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - R M Jacques
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - M J Campbell
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - P J Sheridan
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - S R Heller
- Department of Oncology & Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
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Novodvorsky P, Bernjak A, Robinson EJ, Iqbal A, Macdonald IA, Jacques RM, Marques JLB, Sheridan PJ, Heller SR. Salbutamol-induced electrophysiological changes show no correlation with electrophysiological changes during hyperinsulinaemic-hypoglycaemic clamp in young people with Type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med 2018; 35:1264-1272. [PMID: 29682793 PMCID: PMC6099209 DOI: 10.1111/dme.13650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Hypoglycaemia causes QT-interval prolongation and appears pro-arrhythmogenic. Salbutamol, a β2 -adrenoreceptor agonist also causes QT-interval prolongation. We hypothesized that the magnitude of electrophysiological changes induced by salbutamol and hypoglycaemia might relate to each other and that salbutamol could be used as a non-invasive screening tool for predicting an individual's electrophysiological response to hypoglycaemia. METHODS Eighteen individuals with Type 1 diabetes were administered 2.5 mg of nebulized salbutamol. Participants then underwent a hyperinsulinaemic-hypoglycaemic clamp (2.5 mmol/l for 1 h). During both experiments, heart rate and serum potassium (and catecholamines during the clamp) were measured and a high-resolution electrocardiogram (ECG) was recorded at pre-set time points. Cardiac repolarization was measured by QT-interval duration adjusted for heart rate (QTc ), T-wave amplitude (Tamp ), T-peak to T-end interval duration (Tp Tend ) and T-wave area symmetry (Tsym ). The maximum changes vs. baseline in both experiments were assessed for their linear dependence. RESULTS Salbutamol administration caused QTc and Tp Tend prolongation and a decrease in Tamp and Tsym . Hypoglycaemia caused increased plasma catecholamines, hypokalaemia, QTc and Tp Tend prolongation, and a decrease in Tamp and Tsym . No significant correlations were found between maximum changes in QTc [r = 0.15, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) -0.341 to 0.576; P = 0.553), Tp Tend (r = 0.075, 95% CI -0.406 to 0.524; P = 0.767), Tsym (r = 0.355, 95% CI -0.132 to 0.706; P = 0.149) or Tamp (r = 0.148, 95% CI -0.347 to 0.572; P = 0.558) in either experiment. CONCLUSIONS Both hypoglycaemia and salbutamol caused pro-arrhythmogenic electrophysiological changes in people with Type 1 diabetes but were not related in any given individual. Salbutamol does not appear useful in assessing an individual's electrophysiological response to hypoglycaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Novodvorsky
- Department of Oncology and MetabolismUniversity of Sheffield
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
| | - A. Bernjak
- Department of Oncology and MetabolismUniversity of Sheffield
- INSIGNEO Institute for in silico Medicine
| | - E. J. Robinson
- Department of Oncology and MetabolismUniversity of Sheffield
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
| | - A. Iqbal
- Department of Oncology and MetabolismUniversity of Sheffield
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular DiseaseUniversity of SheffieldSheffield
| | | | - R. M. Jacques
- School of Health and Related ResearchUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | | | | | - S. R. Heller
- Department of Oncology and MetabolismUniversity of Sheffield
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
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Chang ETY, Bernjak A, Nelson T, Smith G, Lee J, Clayton RH. 30Optimising the predictive capability of a mathematical model of AF progression using cardiac device data. Europace 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/europace/eux283.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Kenwright DA, Bernjak A, Draegni T, Dzeroski S, Entwistle M, Horvat M, Kvandal P, Landsverk SA, McClintock PVE, Musizza B, Petrovčič J, Raeder J, Sheppard LW, Smith AF, Stankovski T, Stefanovska A. The discriminatory value of cardiorespiratory interactions in distinguishing awake from anaesthetised states: a randomised observational study. Anaesthesia 2015; 70:1356-68. [PMID: 26350998 PMCID: PMC4989441 DOI: 10.1111/anae.13208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Depth of anaesthesia monitors usually analyse cerebral function with or without other physiological signals; non‐invasive monitoring of the measured cardiorespiratory signals alone would offer a simple, practical alternative. We aimed to investigate whether such signals, analysed with novel, non‐linear dynamic methods, would distinguish between the awake and anaesthetised states. We recorded ECG, respiration, skin temperature, pulse and skin conductivity before and during general anaesthesia in 27 subjects in good cardiovascular health, randomly allocated to receive propofol or sevoflurane. Mean values, variability and dynamic interactions were determined. Respiratory rate (p = 0.0002), skin conductivity (p = 0.03) and skin temperature (p = 0.00006) changed with sevoflurane, and skin temperature (p = 0.0005) with propofol. Pulse transit time increased by 17% with sevoflurane (p = 0.02) and 11% with propofol (p = 0.007). Sevoflurane reduced the wavelet energy of heart (p = 0.0004) and respiratory (p = 0.02) rate variability at all frequencies, whereas propofol decreased only the heart rate variability below 0.021 Hz (p < 0.05). The phase coherence was reduced by both agents at frequencies below 0.145 Hz (p < 0.05), whereas the cardiorespiratory synchronisation time was increased (p < 0.05). A classification analysis based on an optimal set of discriminatory parameters distinguished with 95% success between the awake and anaesthetised states. We suggest that these results can contribute to the design of new monitors of anaesthetic depth based on cardiovascular signals alone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - T Draegni
- Oslo University Hospital, Ullevaal, Norway
| | - S Dzeroski
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - M Horvat
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - P Kvandal
- Oslo University Hospital, Ullevaal, Norway
| | | | | | - B Musizza
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - J Raeder
- Oslo University Hospital, Ullevaal, Norway
| | | | - A F Smith
- Royal Lancaster Infirmary, Lancaster, UK
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Iatsenko D, Bernjak A, Stankovski T, Shiogai Y, Owen-Lynch PJ, Clarkson PBM, McClintock PVE, Stefanovska A. Evolution of cardiorespiratory interactions with age. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2013; 371:20110622. [PMID: 23858485 PMCID: PMC4042892 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2011.0622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We describe an analysis of cardiac and respiratory time series recorded from 189 subjects of both genders aged 16-90. By application of the synchrosqueezed wavelet transform, we extract the respiratory and cardiac frequencies and phases with better time resolution than is possible with the marked events procedure. By treating the heart and respiration as coupled oscillators, we then apply a method based on Bayesian inference to find the underlying coupling parameters and their time dependence, deriving from them measures such as synchronization, coupling directionality and the relative contributions of different mechanisms. We report a detailed analysis of the reconstructed cardiorespiratory coupling function, its time evolution and age dependence. We show that the direct and indirect respiratory modulations of the heart rate both decrease with age, and that the cardiorespiratory coupling becomes less stable and more time-variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Iatsenko
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK
- e-mail:
| | - A. Bernjak
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - T. Stankovski
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK
| | - Y. Shiogai
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK
| | - P. J. Owen-Lynch
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - P. B. M. Clarkson
- Cardiology Department, Raigmore Hospital, Old Perth Road, Inverness IV2 3UJ, UK
| | | | - A. Stefanovska
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Bernjak A, Deitrick G, Bauman W, Stefanovska A, Tuckman J. Basal sympathetic activity to the microcirculation in tetraplegic man revealed by wavelet transform of laser Doppler flowmetry. Microvasc Res 2011; 81:313-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2011.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Bernjak A, Clarkson P, McClintock P, Stefanovska A. Low-frequency blood flow oscillations in congestive heart failure and after beta1-blockade treatment. Microvasc Res 2008; 76:224-32. [PMID: 18721820 PMCID: PMC2666799 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2008.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2008] [Revised: 07/22/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) of forearm skin blood flow, combined with iontophoretically-administered acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside and wavelet spectral analysis, was used for noninvasive evaluation of endothelial function in 17 patients newly diagnosed with New York Heart Association class II-III congestive heart failure (CHF). After 20+/-10 weeks' treatment with a beta(1)-blocker (Bisoprolol), the measurements were repeated. Measurements were also made on an age- and sex-matched group of healthy controls (HC). In each case data were recorded for 30 min. In HC, the difference in absolute spectral amplitude of LDF oscillations between the two vasodilators manifests in the frequency interval 0.005-0.0095 Hz (p<0.01); this difference is initially absent in patients with CHF, but appears following the beta(1)-blocker treatment (p<0.01). For HC, the difference between the two vasodilators also manifests in normalised spectral amplitude in 0.0095-0.021 Hz (p<0.05). This latter difference is absent in CHF patients and is unchanged by treatment with beta(1)-blockers. It is concluded that there are two oscillatory skin blood flow components associated with endothelial function. Both are reduced in CHF. Activity in the lower frequency interval is restored by beta(1)-blocker treatment, confirming the association between CHF and endothelial dysfunction but suggesting the involvement of two distinct mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Bernjak
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Physics Department, Lancaster University, LA1 4YB, UK
| | - P.B.M. Clarkson
- Cardiology Department, Royal Lancaster Infirmary, LA1 4RP, UK
| | | | - A. Stefanovska
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Physics Department, Lancaster University, LA1 4YB, UK
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Urbancic-Rovan V, Meglic B, Stefanovska A, Bernjak A, Azman-Juvan K, Kocijancic A. Incipient cardiovascular autonomic imbalance revealed by wavelet analysis of heart rate variability in Type 2 diabetic patients. Diabet Med 2007; 24:18-26. [PMID: 17227320 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2007.02019.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM Incipient cardiovascular autonomic imbalance is not readily diagnosed by conventional methods. Spectral analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) by wavelet transform (WT) was used to measure cardiovascular autonomic function in patients with Type 2 diabetes. METHODS Thirty-two diabetic patients without (D), 26 with cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (DAN) and 72 control subjects (C) participated. A 30-min HRV time series was analysed by wavelet transformation and four characteristic frequency intervals were defined: I (0.0095-0.021 Hz), II (0.021-0.052 Hz), III (0.052-0.145 Hz) and IV (0.145-0.6 Hz). RESULTS When compared with C, in both D and DAN the normalized power and amplitude of interval II were increased and of interval IV decreased, resulting in a significantly higher II/IV ratio. Furthermore, in DAN the normalized power and amplitude of interval I were increased and of interval III decreased when compared with the D and C groups. The diabetic patients were divided in two equal subgroups according to HbA(1c) < 8.0% and >or= 8.0%. In the subgroup with HbA(1c) >or= 8.0%, normalized power in interval II was significantly higher and in interval IV significantly lower than in the subgroup with HbA(1c) < 8.0%. In D, but not in DAN patients prescribed ACE inhibitors, the absolute amplitude and power of oscillations were significantly higher than in patients not taking ACE inhibitor therapy. CONCLUSIONS Patients with diabetes have increased sympathetic and decreased parasympathetic cardiac activity regardless of the presence of autonomic neuropathy. Glycaemic control and treatment with ACE inhibitors may favourably influence HRV in diabetic patients without autonomic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Urbancic-Rovan
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Centre, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Urbancic-Rovan V, Stefanovska A, Bernjak A, Azman-Juvan K, Kocijancic A. Skin Blood Flow in the Upper and Lower Extremities of Diabetic Patients with and without Autonomic Neuropathy. J Vasc Res 2004; 41:535-45. [PMID: 15528936 DOI: 10.1159/000081810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2004] [Accepted: 09/02/2004] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microvascular blood flow in the human skin is subject to rhythmic variations reflecting the influence of heartbeat, respiration, intrinsic myogenic activity, neurogenic factors and endothelial activity. The aim of our study was to test the hypothesis that basal skin blood flow (BSBF) and its dynamic components differ (1) among diabetic patients without autonomic neuropathy and with it and healthy control subjects, and (2) among the upper and lower extremities. PATIENTS AND METHODS BSBF at four recording sites with predominantly nutritive capillary circulation (right and left caput ulnae, right and left medial malleolus) was measured by laser Doppler flowmetry in 25 diabetic patients without cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (D), 18 neuropathic diabetic patients (DAN) and 36 healthy controls (C). Wavelet transform was applied to the laser Doppler signal. RESULTS In absolute terms, mean flow, mean amplitude of the total spectrum and mean amplitudes at all frequency intervals were highest in C, followed by DAN and lowest in D. However, these differences were statistically significant only in the left arm. Within all three groups, mean flow and spectral amplitudes were significantly higher in the arms than in the legs, besides there was a significant difference between the two arms in D. CONCLUSION We have confirmed the differences in BSBF among D, DAN and C, and demonstrated differences among the four recording sites which have not been previously described. The latter indicates an uneven progression of autonomic neuropathy and allows for speculation that the left arm is the latest to be affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Urbancic-Rovan
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Centre, Zaloska 7, SI-1525 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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