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Phelps AJ, Adler AB, Belanger SAH, Bennett C, Cramm H, Dell L, Fikretoglu D, Forbes D, Heber A, Hosseiny F, Morganstein JC, Murphy D, Nazarov A, Pedlar D, Richardson JD, Sadler N, Williamson V, Greenberg N, Jetly R. Addressing moral injury in the military. BMJ Mil Health 2024; 170:51-55. [PMID: 35705259 DOI: 10.1136/bmjmilitary-2022-002128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Moral injury is a relatively new, but increasingly studied, construct in the field of mental health, particularly in relation to current and ex-serving military personnel. Moral injury refers to the enduring psychosocial, spiritual or ethical harms that can result from exposure to high-stakes events that strongly clash with one's moral beliefs. There is a pressing need for further research to advance understanding of the nature of moral injury; its relationship to mental disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder and depression; triggering events and underpinning mechanisms; and prevalence, prevention and treatment. In the meantime, military leaders have an immediate need for guidance on how moral injury should be addressed and, where possible, prevented. Such guidance should be theoretically sound, evidence-informed and ethically responsible. Further, the implementation of any practice change based on the guidance should contribute to the advancement of science through robust evaluation. This paper draws together current research on moral injury, best-practice approaches in the adjacent field of psychological resilience, and principles of effective implementation and evaluation. This research is combined with the military and veteran mental health expertise of the authors to provide guidance on the design, implementation and evaluation of moral injury interventions in the military. The paper discusses relevant training in military ethical practice, as well as the key roles leaders have in creating cohesive teams and having frank discussions about the moral and ethical challenges that military personnel face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Phelps
- Phoenix Australia Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - A B Adler
- Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - S A H Belanger
- Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Canadian Institute for Military and Veteran Health Research, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - C Bennett
- New Zealand Defence Force, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - H Cramm
- School of Rehabilitation Therapy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - L Dell
- Phoenix Australia Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - D Fikretoglu
- Defence Research and Development Canada, Toronto Research Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - D Forbes
- Phoenix Australia Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - A Heber
- Veterans Affairs Canada, Charottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - F Hosseiny
- Canadian Centre of Excellence on PTSD and Related Mental Health Conditions, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - J C Morganstein
- Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - D Murphy
- Combat Stress, Leatherhead, UK
- King's Centre for Military Health Research, King's College London, London, UK
| | - A Nazarov
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- MacDonald Franklin Operational Stress Injury Research Centre, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - D Pedlar
- Canadian Institute for Military and Veteran Health Research, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- School of Rehabilitation Therapy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - J D Richardson
- MacDonald Franklin Operational Stress Injury Research Centre, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - N Sadler
- Phoenix Australia Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - V Williamson
- Institute of Psychiatry Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - N Greenberg
- King's Centre for Military Health Research, King's College London, London, UK
| | - R Jetly
- Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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DeGrace S, Romero-Sanchiz P, Tibbo P, Barrett S, Arenella P, Cosman T, Atasoy P, Cousijn J, Wiers R, Keough MT, Yakovenko I, O'Connor R, Wardell J, Rudnick A, Nicholas Carleton R, Heber A, Stewart SH. Do trauma cue exposure and/or PTSD symptom severity intensify selective approach bias toward cannabis cues in regular cannabis users with trauma histories? Behav Res Ther 2023; 169:104387. [PMID: 37625353 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2023.104387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Trauma cue-elicited activation of automatic cannabis-related cognitive biases are theorized to contribute to comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder and cannabis use disorder. This phenomenon can be studied experimentally by combining the trauma cue reactivity paradigm (CRP) with cannabis-related cognitive processing tasks. In this study, we used a computerized cannabis approach-avoidance task (AAT) to assess automatic cannabis (vs. neutral) approach bias following personalized trauma (vs. neutral) CRP exposure. We hypothesized that selective cannabis (vs. neutral) approach biases on the AAT would be larger among participants with higher PTSD symptom severity, particularly following trauma (vs. neutral) cue exposure. We used a within-subjects experimental design with a continuous between-subjects moderator (PTSD symptom severity). Participants were exposed to both a trauma and neutral CRP in random order, completing a cannabis AAT (cannabis vs. neutral stimuli) following each cue exposure. Current cannabis users with histories of psychological trauma (n = 50; 34% male; mean age = 37.8 years) described their most traumatic lifetime event, and a similarly-detailed neutral event, according to an established interview protocol that served as the CRP. As hypothesized, an AAT stimulus type x PTSD symptom severity interaction emerged (p = .042) with approach bias greater to cannabis than neutral stimuli for participants with higher (p = .006), but not lower (p = .36), PTSD symptom severity. Contrasting expectations, the stimulus type x PTSD symptoms effect was not intensified by trauma cue exposure (p = .19). Selective cannabis approach bias may be chronically activated in cannabis users with higher PTSD symptom severity and may serve as an automatic cognitive mechanism to help explain PTSD-CUD co-morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S DeGrace
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, 5909 Veterans' Memorial Lane, 8th Floor, Abbie J. Lane Memorial Building, QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS, B3H 2E2, Canada.
| | - P Romero-Sanchiz
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex Sussex House, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9RH, United Kingdom
| | - P Tibbo
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, 5909 Veterans' Memorial Lane, 8th Floor, Abbie J. Lane Memorial Building, QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS, B3H 2E2, Canada
| | - S Barrett
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - P Arenella
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, 5909 Veterans' Memorial Lane, 8th Floor, Abbie J. Lane Memorial Building, QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS, B3H 2E2, Canada
| | - T Cosman
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, 5909 Veterans' Memorial Lane, 8th Floor, Abbie J. Lane Memorial Building, QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS, B3H 2E2, Canada
| | - P Atasoy
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - J Cousijn
- Universiteit van Amsterdam, Department of Psychology, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129-B, 1018 WT, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - R Wiers
- Universiteit van Amsterdam, Department of Psychology, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129-B, 1018 WT, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - M T Keough
- York University, Department of Psychology, 4700 Keele St, North York, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - I Yakovenko
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, 5909 Veterans' Memorial Lane, 8th Floor, Abbie J. Lane Memorial Building, QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS, B3H 2E2, Canada; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - R O'Connor
- Concordia University, Department of Psychology, 7141 Sherbrooke West PY-146, Montreal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - J Wardell
- York University, Department of Psychology, 4700 Keele St, North York, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - A Rudnick
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, 5909 Veterans' Memorial Lane, 8th Floor, Abbie J. Lane Memorial Building, QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS, B3H 2E2, Canada
| | - R Nicholas Carleton
- University of Regina, Department of Psychology, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, SK, S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - A Heber
- McMaster University, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, 100 West 5th Street, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - S H Stewart
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, 5909 Veterans' Memorial Lane, 8th Floor, Abbie J. Lane Memorial Building, QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS, B3H 2E2, Canada; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
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Stoever K, Heber A, Eichberg S, Zijlstra W, Brixius K. Changes of Body Composition, Muscular Strength and Physical Performance Due to Resistance Training in Older Persons with Sarcopenic Obesity. J Frailty Aging 2015; 4:216-22. [PMID: 27031021 DOI: 10.14283/jfa.2015.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND At present, it is unclear whether older, obese persons with or without sarcopenia respond differently to training. Furthermore, there are no differentiated recommendations for resistance training for this special target group. OBJECTIVES The objectives are to investigate the changes in the physical parameters of older, obese men caused by training and to reappraise the modalities of resistance training for older persons. DESIGN Pre-test-post-test design. PARTICIPANTS The participants were 33 physically inactive and obese older men (≥ 65 years, BMI ≥30 kg/m2), with-out severe diseases. Subjects were divided into two groups: NSAR (no or presarcopenia, n= 15) or SAR (sarcopenia, n= 18). INTERVENTION The intervention consisted of progressive resistance training, twice a week for 16 weeks with finally 80-85% of maximum strength and three sets with 8-12 repetitions. The training contained six exercises for the major muscle groups. MEASUREMENTS Sarcopenia was assessed using the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), hand-grip strength, skeletal muscle mass index (SMI), and gait speed over a 6-meter walkway. Furthermore, the maximum dynamic strength (1 RM) was assessed. RESULTS At baseline, the NSAR group had significantly better values in SMI, SPPB score, hand-grip strength, and 1 RM. After training, the results in both groups displayed an increase in 1 RM at the lower limbs (NSAR 18%, SAR 38%) and the upper limbs (NSAR 12%, SAR 14%). Also, the SPPB score (NSAR 11%, SAR 15%) and the 6-m-gait speed (NSAR 5%, SAR 10%) increased. The SAR group was able to increase their right hand-grip strength by 12%, whereas the NSAR group maintained their initial high strength values. SMI did not change in both groups. CONCLUSIONS Both groups show improvements after resistance training with slightly more benefits for men with sarcopenia. Results of this study can be used to define specific training regimens for N(SAR) subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Stoever
- Prof. Dr. Klara Brixius, German Sport University Cologne, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany, , Phone: +49 221 4982 5220
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