The leading role of mitochondrial depolarization in the mechanism of glutamate-induced disruptions in Ca2+ homeostasis

Data obtained in studies of the nature of the correlation which we have previously observed [10,17] between mitochondrial depolarization and the level of disruption of Ca2+ homeostasis in cultivated brain neuronsare summarized. Experiments were performed on cultured cerebellar granule cells loaded with Fura-2-AM or rhodamine 123 to measure changes in cytoplasmic Ca2+ and mitochondrial potential during pathogenic treatments of the cells. Prolonged exposure to 100 microM glutamate induced a reversible increase in [Ca2+]i, which was accompanied by only a small degree of mitochondrial depolarization. A sharp increase in this mitochondrial depolarization, induced by addition of 3 mM NaCN or 300 microM dinitrophenol (DNP) to the glutamate-containing solution, resulted in further increase in [Ca2+]i, due to blockade of electrophoretic mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake. Prolonged exposure to CN- or DNP in the post-glutamate period maintained [Ca2+]i at a high level until the metabolic inhibitors were removed. In most cells, this plateau was characterized by low sensitivity to removal of external Ca2+, demonstrating that the mechanisms of Ca2+ release from neurons were disrupted. Addition of oligomycin, a blocker of mitochondrial ATP synthase/ATPase, to the solution containing glutamate and CN- or DNP eliminated the post-glutamate plateau. Parallel experiments with direct measurements of intracellular ATP levels ([ATP]) showed that profound mitochondrial depolarization induced by CN- or DNP sharply enhanced the drop in ATP due to glutamate, while oligomycin significantly weakened this effect of the metabolic inhibitors. Analysis of these data led to the conclusion that blockade of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake and inhibition of ATP synthesis resulted from mitochondrial depolarization and plays a key role in the mechanism disrupting [Ca2+]i homeostasis after toxic exposure to glutamate.

Induction of cyclosporin A-sensitive pore in mitochondria of intact neurons during uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation

Using primary cultures of cerebellar granule cells we showed that Ca(2+)transported into neurons under the effect of glutamate is accumulated and stored in mitochondria for a long time. Protonophore FCCP, an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation, stimulated the release of Ca(2+)from mitochondria in a calcium-free medium in 81% glutamate-treated cells. Cyclosporin A and ATP-synthase blocker oligomycin decreased the number of cells with FCCP-induced Ca(2+)release to 53 and 12%, respectively. Oligomycin partly prevented glutamate- and FCCP-induced decrease of intracellular ATP level.