1
|
Ilchen M, Hartmann G, Gryzlova EV, Achner A, Allaria E, Beckmann A, Braune M, Buck J, Callegari C, Coffee RN, Cucini R, Danailov M, De Fanis A, Demidovich A, Ferrari E, Finetti P, Glaser L, Knie A, Lindahl AO, Plekan O, Mahne N, Mazza T, Raimondi L, Roussel E, Scholz F, Seltmann J, Shevchuk I, Svetina C, Walter P, Zangrando M, Viefhaus J, Grum-Grzhimailo AN, Meyer M. Symmetry breakdown of electron emission in extreme ultraviolet photoionization of argon. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4659. [PMID: 30405105 PMCID: PMC6220192 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07152-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Short wavelength free-electron lasers (FELs), providing pulses of ultrahigh photon intensity, have revolutionized spectroscopy on ionic targets. Their exceptional photon flux enables multiple photon absorptions within a single femtosecond pulse, which in turn allows for deep insights into the photoionization process itself as well as into evolving ionic states of a target. Here we employ ultraintense pulses from the FEL FERMI to spectroscopically investigate the sequential emission of electrons from gaseous, atomic argon in the neutral as well as the ionic ground state. A pronounced forward-backward symmetry breaking of the angularly resolved emission patterns with respect to the light propagation direction is experimentally observed and theoretically explained for the region of the Cooper minimum, where the asymmetry of electron emission is strongly enhanced. These findings aim to originate a better understanding of the fundamentals of photon momentum transfer in ionic matter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Ilchen
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany. .,Institut für Physik, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132, Kassel, Germany.
| | - G Hartmann
- Institut für Physik, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132, Kassel, Germany.,Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - E V Gryzlova
- Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - A Achner
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - E Allaria
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA, I-34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - A Beckmann
- X-Spectrum GmbH, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Braune
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - J Buck
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany.,Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - C Callegari
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA, I-34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - R N Coffee
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - R Cucini
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA, I-34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - M Danailov
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA, I-34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - A De Fanis
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - A Demidovich
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA, I-34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - E Ferrari
- Particle Accelerator Physics Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - P Finetti
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA, I-34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - L Glaser
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - A Knie
- Institut für Physik, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132, Kassel, Germany
| | - A O Lindahl
- Qamcom Research & Technology AB, Falkenbergsgatan 3, SE-412 85, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - O Plekan
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA, I-34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - N Mahne
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA, I-34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - T Mazza
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - L Raimondi
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA, I-34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - E Roussel
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA, I-34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - F Scholz
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - J Seltmann
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - I Shevchuk
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - C Svetina
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232, Villingen PSI, Switzerland
| | - P Walter
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.,SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - M Zangrando
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA, I-34149, Trieste, Italy.,CNR, IOM, Lab Nazl TASC, I-34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - J Viefhaus
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - A N Grum-Grzhimailo
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany.,Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - M Meyer
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sanchez-Gonzalez A, Micaelli P, Olivier C, Barillot TR, Ilchen M, Lutman AA, Marinelli A, Maxwell T, Achner A, Agåker M, Berrah N, Bostedt C, Bozek JD, Buck J, Bucksbaum PH, Montero SC, Cooper B, Cryan JP, Dong M, Feifel R, Frasinski LJ, Fukuzawa H, Galler A, Hartmann G, Hartmann N, Helml W, Johnson AS, Knie A, Lindahl AO, Liu J, Motomura K, Mucke M, O'Grady C, Rubensson JE, Simpson ER, Squibb RJ, Såthe C, Ueda K, Vacher M, Walke DJ, Zhaunerchyk V, Coffee RN, Marangos JP. Accurate prediction of X-ray pulse properties from a free-electron laser using machine learning. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15461. [PMID: 28580940 PMCID: PMC5465316 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Free-electron lasers providing ultra-short high-brightness pulses of X-ray radiation have great potential for a wide impact on science, and are a critical element for unravelling the structural dynamics of matter. To fully harness this potential, we must accurately know the X-ray properties: intensity, spectrum and temporal profile. Owing to the inherent fluctuations in free-electron lasers, this mandates a full characterization of the properties for each and every pulse. While diagnostics of these properties exist, they are often invasive and many cannot operate at a high-repetition rate. Here, we present a technique for circumventing this limitation. Employing a machine learning strategy, we can accurately predict X-ray properties for every shot using only parameters that are easily recorded at high-repetition rate, by training a model on a small set of fully diagnosed pulses. This opens the door to fully realizing the promise of next-generation high-repetition rate X-ray lasers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - P Micaelli
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - C Olivier
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - T R Barillot
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - M Ilchen
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.,European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - A A Lutman
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - A Marinelli
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - T Maxwell
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - A Achner
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - M Agåker
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75120, Sweden
| | - N Berrah
- Department of Physics, University of Connecticut, 2152 Hillside Road, U-3046, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
| | - C Bostedt
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.,Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - J D Bozek
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint Aubin, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - J Buck
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - P H Bucksbaum
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.,Department of Physics, Stanford University, 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - S Carron Montero
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.,Department of Physics, California Lutheran University, 60 West Olsen Road, Thousand Oaks, California 91360, USA
| | - B Cooper
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - J P Cryan
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - M Dong
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75120, Sweden
| | - R Feifel
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - L J Frasinski
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - H Fukuzawa
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - A Galler
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - G Hartmann
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.,Institut für Physik und CINSaT, Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - N Hartmann
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - W Helml
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.,Physics Department E11, TU Munich, James-Franck-Str 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - A S Johnson
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - A Knie
- Institut für Physik und CINSaT, Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - A O Lindahl
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.,Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - J Liu
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - K Motomura
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - M Mucke
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75120, Sweden
| | - C O'Grady
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - J-E Rubensson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75120, Sweden
| | - E R Simpson
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - R J Squibb
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - C Såthe
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - K Ueda
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - M Vacher
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK.,Department of Chemistry-Ångtröm, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75120, Sweden
| | - D J Walke
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - V Zhaunerchyk
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - R N Coffee
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - J P Marangos
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hartmann G, Lindahl AO, Knie A, Hartmann N, Lutman AA, MacArthur JP, Shevchuk I, Buck J, Galler A, Glownia JM, Helml W, Huang Z, Kabachnik NM, Kazansky AK, Liu J, Marinelli A, Mazza T, Nuhn HD, Walter P, Viefhaus J, Meyer M, Moeller S, Coffee RN, Ilchen M. Circular dichroism measurements at an x-ray free-electron laser with polarization control. Rev Sci Instrum 2016; 87:083113. [PMID: 27587106 DOI: 10.1063/1.4961470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A non-destructive diagnostic method for the characterization of circularly polarized, ultraintense, short wavelength free-electron laser (FEL) light is presented. The recently installed Delta undulator at the LCLS (Linac Coherent Light Source) at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (USA) was used as showcase for this diagnostic scheme. By applying a combined two-color, multi-photon experiment with polarization control, the degree of circular polarization of the Delta undulator has been determined. Towards this goal, an oriented electronic state in the continuum was created by non-resonant ionization of the O2 1s core shell with circularly polarized FEL pulses at hν ≃ 700 eV. An also circularly polarized, highly intense UV laser pulse with hν ≃ 3.1 eV was temporally and spatially overlapped, causing the photoelectrons to redistribute into so-called sidebands that are energetically separated by the photon energy of the UV laser. By determining the circular dichroism of these redistributed electrons using angle resolving electron spectroscopy and modeling the results with the strong-field approximation, this scheme allows to unambiguously determine the absolute degree of circular polarization of any pulsed, ultraintense XUV or X-ray laser source.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Hartmann
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - A O Lindahl
- PULSE at Stanford, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - A Knie
- Institut für Physik, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - N Hartmann
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - A A Lutman
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - J P MacArthur
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - I Shevchuk
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - J Buck
- European XFEL GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Ring 19, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - A Galler
- European XFEL GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Ring 19, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - J M Glownia
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - W Helml
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Z Huang
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - N M Kabachnik
- Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - A K Kazansky
- Departamento de Fisica de Materiales, UPV/EHU, Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), E-20018 San Sebastian/Donostia, Spain
| | - J Liu
- European XFEL GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Ring 19, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - A Marinelli
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - T Mazza
- European XFEL GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Ring 19, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - H-D Nuhn
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - P Walter
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - J Viefhaus
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Meyer
- European XFEL GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Ring 19, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - S Moeller
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - R N Coffee
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - M Ilchen
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rohringer N, Kimberg V, Weninger C, Sanchez-Gonzalez A, Lutman A, Maxwell T, Bostedt C, Carron Monterro S, Lindahl AO, Ilchen M, Coffee RN, Bozek JD, Krzywinski J, Kierspel T, Mullins T, Küpper J, Erk B, Rolles D, Mücke OD, London RA, Purvis M, Ryan D, Rocca JJ, Feifel R, Squibb R, Zhaunerchyk V, Såthe C, Agåker M, Mucke M, Nordgren J, Rubensson JE. Stimulated X-Ray Raman Scattering with Free-Electron Laser Sources. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-19521-6_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
|
5
|
Liu Y, Andersson P, Beene JR, Forstner O, Galindo-Uribarri A, Gottwald T, Hanstorp D, Havener CC, Lindahl AO, Wendt K. Beam purification by photodetachment (invited). Rev Sci Instrum 2012; 83:02A711. [PMID: 22380220 DOI: 10.1063/1.3671747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Ion beam purity is of crucial importance to many basic and applied studies in nuclear science. Selective photodetachment has been proposed to suppress unwanted species in negative ion beams while preserving the intensity of the species of interest. A highly efficient technique based on photodetachment in a gas-filled radio frequency quadrupole ion cooler has been demonstrated. In off-line experiments with stable ions, up to 10(4) times suppression of the isobar contaminants in a number of interesting radioactive negative ion beams has been demonstrated. For selected species, this technique promises new experimental possibilities in studies on exotic nuclei, accelerator mass spectrometry, and fundamental properties of negative atomic and molecular ions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Liu
- Physics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lindahl AO, Rohlén J, Hultgren H, Kiyan IY, Pegg DJ, Walter CW, Hanstorp D. Threshold photodetachment in a repulsive potential. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 108:033004. [PMID: 22400737 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.033004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report on the first experimental observation of a new threshold behavior observed in the 5(2)G partial channel in photodetachment of K(-). It arises from the repulsive polarization interaction between the detached electron and the residual K(5(2)G) atom, which has a large negative dipole polarizability. In order to account for the observation in the K(5(2)G) channel, we have developed a semiclassical model that predicts an exponential energy dependence for the cross section. The measurements were made with collinear laser-ion beams and a resonance ionization detection scheme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A O Lindahl
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Diehl C, Wendt K, Lindahl AO, Andersson P, Hanstorp D. Ion optical design of a collinear laser-negative ion beam apparatus. Rev Sci Instrum 2011; 82:053302. [PMID: 21639495 DOI: 10.1063/1.3587617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
An apparatus for photodetachment studies on atomic and molecular negative ions of medium up to heavy mass (M ≃ 500) has been designed and constructed. Laser and ion beams are merged in the apparatus in a collinear geometry and atoms, neutral molecules and negative ions are detected in the forward direction. The ion optical design and the components used to optimize the mass resolution and the transmission through the extended field-free interaction region are described. A 90° sector field magnet with 50 cm bending radius in combination with two slits is used for mass dispersion providing a resolution of M∕ΔM≅800 for molecular ions and M∕ΔM≅400 for atomic ions. The difference in mass resolution for atomic and molecular ions is attributed to different energy distributions of the sputtered ions. With 1 mm slits, transmission from the source through the interaction region to the final ion detector was determined to be about 0.14%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Diehl
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|