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Rajashekaraiah R, Kumar PR, Prakash N, Rao GS, Devi VR, Metta M, Narayanaswamy HD, Swamy MN, Satyanarayan K, Rao S, Rathnamma D, Sahadev A, Sunilchandra U, Santhosh CR, Dhanalakshmi H, Kumar SN, Ruban SW, Kalmath GP, Gomes AR, Kumar KRA, Govindappa PK. Anticancer efficacy of 6-thioguanine loaded chitosan nanoparticles with or without curcumin. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 148:704-714. [PMID: 31954127 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
6-Thioguanine encapsulated chitosan nanoparticles (6-TG-CNPs) has formulated by the ionic-gelation method. Morphologically, the 6-TG-CNPs were spherical and showed mean size, PDI, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency of 261.63 ± 6.01 nm, 0.34 ± 0.10, +15.97 ± 0.46 mV and 44.27%, respectively. The IR spectra confirmed the 6-TG complex with chitosan. The in vitro drug release profile of 6-TG-CNPs revealed an increase in sustained-release (91.40 ± 1.08% at 48 h) at pH 4.8 compared to less sustained-release (73.96 ± 1.12% at 48 h) at pH 7.4. The MTT assay was conducted on MCF-7 and PA-1 cell lines at 48 h incubation to determine % cell viability. The IC50 values of 6-TG, 6-TG-CNPs, and curcumin for MCF-7 were 23.09, 17.82, and 15.73 μM, respectively. Likewise, IC50 values of 6-TG, 6-TG-CNPs, and curcumin for PA-1 were 5.81, 3.92, and 12.89 μM, respectively. A combination of 6-TG-CNPs (IC25) with curcumin (IC25) on PA-1 and MCF-7 showed % cell viability of 43.67 ± 0.02 and 49.77 ± 0.05, respectively. The in vitro cytotoxicity potential in terms of % cell viability, early apoptosis, G2/M phase arrest, and DNA demethylating activity of 6-TG-CNPs alone and combination with curcumin proved to be more effective than that of 6-TG on PA-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Rajashekaraiah
- Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar 585401, Karnataka, India.
| | - P Ravi Kumar
- NTR College of Veterinary Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Gannavaram 521102, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - N Prakash
- Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar 585401, Karnataka, India
| | - G Srinivasa Rao
- NTR College of Veterinary Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Gannavaram 521102, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - V Rama Devi
- NTR College of Veterinary Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Gannavaram 521102, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - M Metta
- NTR College of Veterinary Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Gannavaram 521102, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - H D Narayanaswamy
- Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar 585401, Karnataka, India
| | - M Narayana Swamy
- Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar 585401, Karnataka, India
| | - K Satyanarayan
- Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar 585401, Karnataka, India
| | - Suguna Rao
- Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar 585401, Karnataka, India
| | - D Rathnamma
- Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar 585401, Karnataka, India
| | - A Sahadev
- Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar 585401, Karnataka, India
| | - U Sunilchandra
- Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar 585401, Karnataka, India
| | - C R Santhosh
- Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar 585401, Karnataka, India
| | - H Dhanalakshmi
- Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar 585401, Karnataka, India
| | - S Naveen Kumar
- Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar 585401, Karnataka, India
| | - S Wilfred Ruban
- Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar 585401, Karnataka, India
| | - G P Kalmath
- Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar 585401, Karnataka, India
| | - A R Gomes
- Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar 585401, Karnataka, India
| | - K R Anjan Kumar
- Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar 585401, Karnataka, India
| | - Prem Kumar Govindappa
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Centre for Orthopaedic Research and Translational Science (CORTS), College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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