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Persson M, Aizawa S, André N, Barabash S, Saito Y, Harada Y, Heyner D, Orsini S, Fedorov A, Mazelle C, Futaana Y, Hadid LZ, Volwerk M, Collinson G, Sanchez-Cano B, Barthe A, Penou E, Yokota S, Génot V, Sauvaud JA, Delcourt D, Fraenz M, Modolo R, Milillo A, Auster HU, Richter I, Mieth JZD, Louarn P, Owen CJ, Horbury TS, Asamura K, Matsuda S, Nilsson H, Wieser M, Alberti T, Varsani A, Mangano V, Mura A, Lichtenegger H, Laky G, Jeszenszky H, Masunaga K, Signoles C, Rojo M, Murakami G. BepiColombo mission confirms stagnation region of Venus and reveals its large extent. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7743. [PMID: 36522338 PMCID: PMC9755131 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35061-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The second Venus flyby of the BepiColombo mission offer a unique opportunity to make a complete tour of one of the few gas-dynamics dominated interaction regions between the supersonic solar wind and a Solar System object. The spacecraft pass through the full Venusian magnetosheath following the plasma streamlines, and cross the subsolar stagnation region during very stable solar wind conditions as observed upstream by the neighboring Solar Orbiter mission. These rare multipoint synergistic observations and stable conditions experimentally confirm what was previously predicted for the barely-explored stagnation region close to solar minimum. Here, we show that this region has a large extend, up to an altitude of 1900 km, and the estimated low energy transfer near the subsolar point confirm that the atmosphere of Venus, despite being non-magnetized and less conductive due to lower ultraviolet flux at solar minimum, is capable of withstanding the solar wind under low dynamic pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Persson
- grid.15781.3a0000 0001 0723 035XInstitut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, Université Paul Sabatier—Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - S. Aizawa
- grid.15781.3a0000 0001 0723 035XInstitut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, Université Paul Sabatier—Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - N. André
- grid.15781.3a0000 0001 0723 035XInstitut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, Université Paul Sabatier—Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - S. Barabash
- grid.425140.60000 0001 0706 1867Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Kiruna, Sweden
| | - Y. Saito
- grid.62167.340000 0001 2220 7916Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Y. Harada
- grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Department of Geophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - D. Heyner
- grid.6738.a0000 0001 1090 0254Institute for Geophysics and Extraterrestrial Physics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - S. Orsini
- grid.4293.c0000 0004 1792 8585Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Rome, Italy
| | - A. Fedorov
- grid.15781.3a0000 0001 0723 035XInstitut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, Université Paul Sabatier—Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - C. Mazelle
- grid.15781.3a0000 0001 0723 035XInstitut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, Université Paul Sabatier—Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Y. Futaana
- grid.425140.60000 0001 0706 1867Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Kiruna, Sweden
| | - L. Z. Hadid
- grid.508893.fLaboratoire de Physique des Plasmas (LPP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Saclay, École Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Paris, France
| | - M. Volwerk
- grid.4299.60000 0001 2169 3852Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - G. Collinson
- grid.133275.10000 0004 0637 6666National Aeronautic and Space Administration, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD USA
| | - B. Sanchez-Cano
- grid.9918.90000 0004 1936 8411School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - A. Barthe
- grid.15781.3a0000 0001 0723 035XInstitut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, Université Paul Sabatier—Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - E. Penou
- grid.15781.3a0000 0001 0723 035XInstitut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, Université Paul Sabatier—Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - S. Yokota
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Department of Earth and Space Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - V. Génot
- grid.15781.3a0000 0001 0723 035XInstitut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, Université Paul Sabatier—Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - J. A. Sauvaud
- grid.15781.3a0000 0001 0723 035XInstitut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, Université Paul Sabatier—Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - D. Delcourt
- grid.508893.fLaboratoire de Physique des Plasmas (LPP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Saclay, École Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Paris, France
| | - M. Fraenz
- grid.435826.e0000 0001 2284 9011Max-Planck-Institute for Solar System Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - R. Modolo
- Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, Université Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Pierre Marie Curie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Guyancourt, France
| | - A. Milillo
- grid.4293.c0000 0004 1792 8585Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Rome, Italy
| | - H.-U. Auster
- grid.6738.a0000 0001 1090 0254Institute for Geophysics and Extraterrestrial Physics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - I. Richter
- grid.6738.a0000 0001 1090 0254Institute for Geophysics and Extraterrestrial Physics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - J. Z. D. Mieth
- grid.6738.a0000 0001 1090 0254Institute for Geophysics and Extraterrestrial Physics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - P. Louarn
- grid.15781.3a0000 0001 0723 035XInstitut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, Université Paul Sabatier—Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - C. J. Owen
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St. Mary, UK
| | - T. S. Horbury
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, UK
| | - K. Asamura
- grid.62167.340000 0001 2220 7916Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Kyoto, Japan
| | - S. Matsuda
- grid.9707.90000 0001 2308 3329Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - H. Nilsson
- grid.425140.60000 0001 0706 1867Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Kiruna, Sweden
| | - M. Wieser
- grid.425140.60000 0001 0706 1867Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Kiruna, Sweden
| | - T. Alberti
- grid.4293.c0000 0004 1792 8585Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Rome, Italy
| | - A. Varsani
- grid.4299.60000 0001 2169 3852Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - V. Mangano
- grid.4293.c0000 0004 1792 8585Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Rome, Italy
| | - A. Mura
- grid.4293.c0000 0004 1792 8585Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Rome, Italy
| | - H. Lichtenegger
- grid.4299.60000 0001 2169 3852Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - G. Laky
- grid.4299.60000 0001 2169 3852Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - H. Jeszenszky
- grid.4299.60000 0001 2169 3852Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - K. Masunaga
- grid.62167.340000 0001 2220 7916Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Kyoto, Japan
| | - C. Signoles
- grid.15781.3a0000 0001 0723 035XInstitut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, Université Paul Sabatier—Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - M. Rojo
- grid.15781.3a0000 0001 0723 035XInstitut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, Université Paul Sabatier—Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - G. Murakami
- grid.62167.340000 0001 2220 7916Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Kyoto, Japan
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Coquel F, Silva MJ, Técher H, Zadorozhny K, Sharma S, Nieminuszczy J, Mettling C, Dardillac E, Barthe A, Schmitz AL, Promonet A, Cribier A, Sarrazin A, Niedzwiedz W, Lopez B, Costanzo V, Krejci L, Chabes A, Benkirane M, Lin YL, Pasero P. [SAMHD1 acts at stalled replication forks to prevent interferon induction]. C R Biol 2020; 343:9-21. [PMID: 32720483 DOI: 10.5802/crbiol.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
DNA replication is an extremely complex process, involving thousands of replication forks progressing along chromosomes. These forks are frequently slowed down or stopped by various obstacles, such as secondary DNA structures, chromatin-acting proteins or a lack of nucleotides. This slowing down, known as replicative stress, plays a central role in tumour development. Complex processes, which are not yet fully understood, are set up to respond to this stress. Certain nucleases, such as MRE11 and DNA2, degrade the neo-replicated DNA at the level of blocked forks, allowing the replication to restart. The interferon pathway is a defense mechanism against pathogens that detects the presence of foreign nucleic acids in the cytoplasm and activates the innate immune response. DNA fragments resulting from genomic DNA metabolism (repair, retrotransposition) can diffuse into the cytoplasm and activate this pathway. A pathological manifestation of this process is the Aicardi-Goutières syndrome, a rare disease characterized by chronic inflammation leading to neurodegenerative and developmental problems. In this encephalopathy, it has been suggested that DNA replication may generate cytosolic DNA fragments, but the mechanisms involved have not been characterized. SAMHD1 is frequently mutated in the Aicardi-Goutières syndrome as well as in some cancers, but its role in the etiology of these diseases was largely unknown. We show that cytosolic DNA accumulates in SAMHD1-deficient cells, particularly in the presence of replicative stress, activating the interferon response. SAMHD1 is important for DNA replication under normal conditions and for the processing of stopped forks, independent of its dNTPase activity. In addition, SAMHD1 stimulates the exonuclease activity of MRE11 in vitro. When SAMHD1 is absent, degradation of neosynthesized DNA is inhibited, which prevents activation of the replication checkpoint and leads to failure to restart the replication forks. Resection of the replication forks is performed by an alternative mechanism which releases DNA fragments into the cytosol, activating the interferon response. The results obtained show, for the first time, a direct link between the response to replication stress and the production of interferons. These results have important implications for our understanding of the Aicardi-Goutières syndrome and cancers related to SAMHD1. For example, we have shown that MRE11 and RECQ1 are responsible for the production of DNA fragments that trigger the inflammatory response in cells deficient for SAMHD1. We can therefore imagine that blocking the activity of these enzymes could decrease the production of DNA fragments and, ultimately, the activation of innate immunity in these cells. In addition, the interferon pathway plays an essential role in the therapeutic efficacy of irradiation and certain chemotherapeutic agents such as oxaliplatin. Modulating this response could therefore be of much wider interest in anti-tumour therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Coquel
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Laboratoire Maintien de l'Intégrité du Génome au cours de la Réplication, Ligue Contre le Cancer, Montpellier, France
| | - M J Silva
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - H Técher
- IFOM, The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - K Zadorozhny
- Department of Biology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - S Sharma
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics and Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - C Mettling
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Domiciliation, Activation Immunitaire et Infection, Montpellier, France
| | - E Dardillac
- Université Paris Sud, CNRS, UMR 8200 and Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, Ligue Contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
| | - A Barthe
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Laboratoire Maintien de l'Intégrité du Génome au cours de la Réplication, Ligue Contre le Cancer, Montpellier, France
| | - A L Schmitz
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Laboratoire Maintien de l'Intégrité du Génome au cours de la Réplication, Ligue Contre le Cancer, Montpellier, France
| | - A Promonet
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Laboratoire Maintien de l'Intégrité du Génome au cours de la Réplication, Ligue Contre le Cancer, Montpellier, France
| | - A Cribier
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire, Montpellier, France
| | - A Sarrazin
- BioCampus Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | | | - B Lopez
- Université Paris Sud, CNRS, UMR 8200 and Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, Ligue Contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
| | - V Costanzo
- IFOM, The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - L Krejci
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics and Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,International Clinical Research Center, St Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - A Chabes
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics and Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - M Benkirane
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire, Montpellier, France
| | - Y L Lin
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Laboratoire Maintien de l'Intégrité du Génome au cours de la Réplication, Ligue Contre le Cancer, Montpellier, France
| | - P Pasero
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Laboratoire Maintien de l'Intégrité du Génome au cours de la Réplication, Ligue Contre le Cancer, Montpellier, France
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