Higher concentrations of folic acid reduced the dietary requirements of supplemental methionine for commercial broilers

OBJECTIVE

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of supplementing DL methionine (DL Met) at graded concentrations on performance, carcass variables, immune responses and antioxidant variables in broiler chicken fed folic acid (FA) fortified (4 mg/kg) lowmethionine diet.

METHODS

A basal diet (BD) without supplemental DL Met, but with higher level (4 mg/kg) of FA and a control diet (CD) with the recommended concentration of methionine (Met) were prepared. The BD was supplemented with DL Met at graded concentrations (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% supplemental DL Met of CD). Each diet was fed ad libitum to 10 replicates of 5 broiler male chicks in each from 1 to 42 d of age.

RESULTS

Body weight gain (BWG) reduced, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) increased in broilers fed low-Met BD. At 30% and 20% inclusion of DL met, the BWG and FCR, respectively were similar to those fed the CD. Similarly, supplementation of 10% DL Met to the BD significantly increased ready to cook meat yield and breast meat weight, which were similar to those of the CD fed broilers. Lipid peroxidation reduced, the activity of antioxidant enzymes (GSHPx and GSHRx) in serum increased and lymphocyte proliferation increased with increased supplemental DL Met level in the BD. The concentrations of total protein and albumin in serum increased with DL Met supplementation to the BD.

CONCLUSION

Based on the data, it can be concluded that supplemental Met can be reduced to less than 50% in broiler chicken diets (4.40, 3.94, and 3.39 g/kg, respectively in pre-starter, starter and finisher phases) containing 4 mg/kg FA.

Supplemental phosphorus can be completely replaced with microbial phytase in White Leghorn layer diets

1. A study was conducted to assess the possibility of totally replacing supplemental phosphorus sources in White Leghorn (WL) layer diets (aged 28 to 45 weeks of age) with microbial phytase supplementation. One thousand commercial layers (HyLine White) of 28 weeks of age were housed in California cages fitted in open-sided poultry shed at the rate of 20 layers in each replicate. Ten replicates were randomly allotted to each treatment, and the respective diet was fed from 28 to 45 weeks of age.2. A control diet (CD) containing the recommended levels of non-phytate phosphorus (3.6 g/kg NPP) and four other test diets (2-5) having sub-optimal levels of NPP (2.4, 2.0, 1.6 and 1.2 g/kg), but with supplemental microbial phytase (600 FTU/kg) were prepared and fed for the trial duration.3. The layers fed with lower levels of NPP with phytase had the same laying performance as the group fed the CD. Egg production, feed efficiency, egg mass, shell defects, egg density, shell weight, shell thickness, ash content and breaking strength of the tibia and sternum were not affected by feeding the lowest concentration of NPP (1.2 g/kg) plus microbial phytase.4. Phytase supplementation in diets with sub-optimal levels of NPP (2.4, 2 and 1.6 g/kg) significantly improved the Haugh unit score compared to those fed the CD.5. It was concluded that supplemental phosphorus can be completely replaced with microbial phytase (600 FTU/kg) in a diet without affecting egg production, shell quality or bone mineral variables in WL layers (28 to 45 weeks).

Phase III randomized clinical studies to evaluate the immunogenicity, lot-to-lot consistency, and safety of ROTAVAC® liquid formulations (ROTAVAC 5C & 5D) and non-inferiority comparisons with licensed ROTAVAC® (frozen formulation) in healthy infants

The WHO pre-qualified rotavirus vaccine, ROTAVAC®, is derived naturally from the neonatal 116E rotavirus strain, and stored at -20°C. As refrigerator storage is preferable, immunogenicity and safety of liquid formulations kept at 2-8°C, having excipients to stabilize the rotavirus, with or without buffers, were compared with ROTAVAC® in different clinical studies. Study-1, the pivotal trial for this entire product development work, was a randomized, single-blind trial with two operationally seamless phases: (i) an exploratory phase involving 675 infants in which two formulations, ROTAVAC 5C (LnHRV-1.5 mL and LnHRV-2.0 mL) containing buffer and excipients to stabilize the virus against gastric acidity and temperature, were compared with ROTAVAC®. As the immune response of ROTAVAC 5C (LnHRV-2.0 mL) was non-inferior to ROTAVAC®, it was selected for (ii) confirmatory phase, involving 1,302 infants randomized 1:1:1:1 to receive three lots of LnHRV-2.0 mL, or ROTAVAC®. Primary objectives were the evaluation of non-inferiority and lot-to-lot consistency. The secondary objectives were to assess the safety and interference with the concomitant pentavalent vaccine. As it was separately established that buffers are not required for ROTAVAC®, in Study-2, the safety and immunogenicity of ROTAVAC 5D® (with excipients) were compared with ROTAVAC® and lot-to-lot consistency was assessed in another study. All lots elicited consistent immune responses, did not interfere with UIP vaccines, and had reactogenicity similar to ROTAVAC®. ROTAVAC 5C and ROTAVAC 5D® were immunogenic and well tolerated as ROTAVAC®. ROTAVAC 5D® had comparable immunogenicity and safety profiles with ROTAVAC® and can be stored at 2-8°C, leading to WHO pre-qualification.Clinical Trials Registration: Clinical Trials Registry of India (CTRI): CTRI/2015/02/005577CTRI/2016/11/007481 and CTRI/2019/03/017934.

Evaluation of Salivary Opiorphin, pH and Flow Rate in Oral Submucous Fibrosis - A Case - Control Observational Study

Aim and Objectives

The aim of the study was to evaluate the salivary pH, flow rate and opiorphin in Oral submucous fibrosis patients and to compare them with healthy individuals.

Materials and Methods

A comparative study was conducted to evaluate the salivary opiorphin levels, pH and flow rate among 78 patients (39 Oral submucous fibrosis + 39 control). Burning sensation was assessed using VAS score. Opiorphin levels were assessed using Cusabio Human Salivary Opiorphin ELISA kit. Salivary flow rate was assessed using graduated syringes and salivary pH was assessed using Hydrion salivary pH strips. Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro Wilk test were assessed for normality testing and distribution. Inferential statistics was done by using Unpaired t test/Independent sample t test to compare the mean values of variables included in the study among the OSMF and healthy patients.

Results

There was statistically significant difference in pH and flow rate with a reduction in the mean pH (p=0.024) and flow rate (p<0.01) among the oral submucous fibrosis patients compared to the control group. A statistically significant increase (p<0.01) in salivary opiorphin levels was noted in the oral submucous fibrosis patients. Majority of the study participants had mild to moderate burning sensation.

Conclusion

This study was a pilot evaluation of salivary opiorphin in OSMF. Salivary opiorphin could be used as an objective marker for chronic subjective conditions The pre-treatment and post treatment evaluation of salivary opiorphin could provide more insight on its role.

Evaluating the expression of microRNA-15a-5p and YAP1 gene in oral squamous cell carcinoma in comparison with normal tissue: A cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play crucial regulatory roles in cancer progression, including oral cancer (OC). However, the biological mechanisms of miRNA-15a-5p in OC remain unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the expression of miRNA-15a-5p and the YAP1 gene in OC.

METHODS

A total of 22 clinically and histologically confirmed oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients were recruited, and their tissues were stored in a stabilizing solution. Later, RT-PCR was performed to evaluate miRNA-15a-5p and the targeting gene YAP1. The results of OSCC samples were compared with unpaired normal tissues.

RESULTS

The normality tests, Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk, revealed a normal distribution. Inferential statistics were performed using an independent sample t-test/unpaired t-test among the study intervals to compare the expression of miR-15a and YAP1. SPSS (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 26.0, Armonk, NY: IBM Corp. Released 2019) was used to analyse the data. The significance level was set at 5% (α = 0.05), and a p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. The expression of miRNA-15a-5p was lower in OSCC than in normal tissue, whereas the opposite was observed for YAP1 levels.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, this study demonstrated that miRNA-15a-5p was downregulated and YAP1 was overexpressed, which had a statistically significant difference between the normal and OSCC groups. Therefore, miRNA-15a-5p may serve as a novel biomarker to better understand the pathology and as a potential target in OSCC therapy.

Intrathecal pain pumps in pain relief

Chronic pain is a significant global health issue, described as a bio-psychosocial phenomenon that hampers the integration of body, mind, and social functions. To relieve chronic intractable pain, intrathecal drug-delivery devices (IDDDs) are the last resort after conventional treatment options have been exhausted. This article outlines the indications, pharmacological agents, types, techniques, preparation of the patient, and complications of IDDDs for the management of challenging chronic pain (non-neoplastic and cancer-related pain) conditions in patients who have not responded well to a commonly used conventional line of treatment.

Application of neutrosophic optimal network using operations

Neutrosophic graphs deals with more complex, uncertain problems in real-life applications which provides more flexibility and compatibility than Intuitionistic fuzzy graphs. The aim of this paper is to enrich the efficiency of the network in accordance with productivity and quality. Here we develop two Neutrosophic graphs into a fully connected Neutrosophic network using the product of graphs. Such a type of network is formed from individuals with unique aspects in every field of work among them. This study proposes extending the other graph products and forming a single valued Neutrosophic graph to find the efficient productivity in the flow of information on a single source network of a single valued Neutrosophic network. An Optimal algorithm is proposed and illustrated with an application.

Influence of Anaemia on Multifactorial Disease Retinopathy of Prematurity: A Prospective Observational Study

Background: Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), a preventable cause of childhood blindness, is a severe complication of preterm (PT) birth treatment.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyse the risk factors (RF) associated with the development and progression of ROP. Particular focus is on the contribution of anaemia towards the development and progression of ROP.

Methods: This study is a prospective observational study done in the Department of Paediatrics at Meenakshi Mission Hospital & Research Centre, Madurai, over 12 months from May 2013 to April 2014. The study included all consecutively admitted neonates born in and out of the hospital with gestational age (GA) less than or equal to 35 weeks or birth weight (BW) less than or equal to 2 kg and assessed for the gestational, perinatal, and postnatal RF. In addition, at the time of ROP screening, haemoglobin (Hb) and haematocrit (Hct) were checked. The statistical analysis was performed by Stata 11.1 (StataCorp LLC, College Station, TX).

Result: The incidence of ROP in our study (46.7%) is higher than previously reported in India. In our study, GA and weight of the neonate at birth have a significant association with ROP incidence. Anaemia in our study is significantly associated with ROP incidence but not as an independent RF. The outcome of various stages of ROP is statistically significant, showing early stages 1 and 2 have more chances of spontaneous regression, and stages 3 and 4 are more likely to need treatment. Two cases in our study with stage 4 ROP had no complications, and none had stage 5 disease.

Conclusion: Anaemia should be avoided or corrected in PT newborns as it is a potential and avoidable RF for ROP development. The limitation of our study is the small sample size, and probably more extensive randomized trials will help make this association clear. We recommend ROP screening for PT babies with GA less than 35 weeks and BW less than 2 kg who have the RF amounting to screening and done as per protocol.

Metric-based rule optimizing system for code smell detection using Salp Swarm and Cockroach Swarm algorithm

Software developers find it difficult to select the specific detection rules for different smell types. A set of metrics, thresholds and labels constitutes a code smells detection rule. The generated rules must be optimized efficiently to ensure successful rule selection. The objective is to identify how rules are generated from the labeled data set and selected using bio-inspired algorithms. The goals are met by employing the C4.5 and RIPPER algorithms to generate rules then, optimized using two bio-inspired algorithms, the Salp Swarm Algorithm (SSA) and Cockroach Swarm Optimization (CSO). The optimized sets of rules are evaluated using the similarity metrics which are computed with the help of expected and the detected code smells. The common rule subsets from SSA and CSO are merged to produce the optimal rule subset which can be used for code smell detection. The proposed work has been experimented on Xerces-J, Log4J, Gantt Project and JFreeChart dataset. The work detected code smells with an accuracy of 91.7% for Xerces-J, 96.7% for JFreeChart, 88.6% for Gantt Project and 98% for Log4J. The findings will be useful for both theory and research since the proposed framework allows focusing on rule selection.

Effect of dietary supplementation of zinc proteinate on performance, egg quality, blood biochemical parameters, and egg zinc content in White Leghorn layers

A study was conducted to investigate the effects of zinc proteinate (Zn-P) on laying performance, egg quality, antioxidant indices, and egg zinc content in laying hens from 38 to 49 weeks of age. A total of 150 White Leghorn layers were randomly assigned to five treatments, each with six replicates with five birds per replication. Dietary treatments included a corn-soybean meal-based basal diet with no zinc addition and basal diet supplemented with Zn-P at 40, 80, 120, or 160 mg/kg of feed for 12 weeks. The analyzed zinc concentrations of the five diets were 29.5, 70.8, 110.2, 147.5, and 187.5 mg Zn/kg, respectively. Dietary Zn-P supplementation had no effect on feed intake and egg production. However, raising the zinc level improved egg weight (P < 0.01) and egg mass (P < 0.05) and lowered the feed conversion ratio (P < 0.05) during the later (46-49 weeks) period. The Zn-P supplementation also significantly (P < 0.05) increased Haugh units, egg shell strength, and shell thickness and had no influence on other egg quality parameters. Increasing zinc levels in the diet resulted in increase in egg zinc contents and serum zinc level. The serum triglyceride and LDL-cholesterol levels significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in Zn-P-supplemented groups. Supplementation of Zn-P significantly (P < 0.05) increased serum Cu-Zn-SOD activity and reduced MDA concentration. It could be concluded that dietary supplementation of higher levels of Zn-P, more than 80 mg/kg diet, significantly improved the egg zinc content, some egg quality traits, antioxidant activity, and serum zinc levels.

Parkinson’s disease identification in homo sapiens based on hybrid ResNet-SVM and resnet-fuzzy svm models

The identification of Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a necessary concern for reducing the occurrences of nervous disorders and brain death. The prediction of PD based on symptoms is depending on the body conditions of patients as the symptoms differ for every individual. Doctors preferably use ionized radiation-free MRI scans since they offer more precise images of soft tissues in the brain. In the recent years, deep learning is the prominently used method for performing image analysis and classification. However, the systems developed using deep learning are not able to predict the PD accurately. In order to bridge the gaps present in the existing systems, we propose a hybrid model based on neuro-fuzzy classification to detect PD more accurately. For enhancing the accuracy of PD identification, we used the ResNet-18 deep learning architecture for the classification of MRI images. In addition to this, a hybrid framework is also proposed in this paper where the softmax layer of ResNet-18 is modified using non-linear SVM and Fuzzy SVM (fSVM) classifiers. The convolution and max-pooling layers of ResNet-18 are able to learn more objective features for classification. The proposed hybrid model of ResNet-fSVM is evaluated on the neuro-MRI images from the PPMI dataset and achieved 4.4% higher accuracy than the ResNet-18 model and 2.8% higher accuracy than hybrid ResNet-SVM model. The age group based results obtained in this work has proved that the accuracy of the proposed ResNet-fSVM hybrid model is better when it is compared with ResNet-18 and hybrid ResNet-SVM models. This system effectively detects Early-onset PD through its efficiency in classification.

Characteristics of the leachate produced during nutrient recycling of food and poultry slaughter wastes by fly larvae

Biowaste management is a pertinent problem and nutrient recycling utilizing fly larvae is an emerging solution. The leachate produced during biowaste management has potential implications for the environment but studies on this issue are scanty. This study was conducted to assess the characteristics of leachate produced during the bioconversion of food (BW-I) and poultry slaughter waste (BW-II) by natural fly larval activity. The results showed that total volumes of 2.2 L and 1.1 L leachate were produced for BW-I and II respectively. The highest pH in BW-I leachate was 7.43 ± 0.01 and the lowest pH in BW-II was 3.30 ± 0.12. The highest levels of BOD in BW-I and II were 36733.33 ± 430.63 mg/l and 2800.000 ± 999.50 mg/l. The highest level of COD in BW-I was 52575.000 ± 1076.86mg/l while in BW-II it was 4316.67 ± 790.45 mg/l. The high BOD and COD values of the leachate indicated that they needed to be pretreated before being released into the environment.

Ellis Van Creveld Syndrome: A Case Report

Ellis Van Creveld Syndrome (EVC) is a infrequent inborn genetic disorder with an x-linked recessive pattern of inheritance. This is recognized by bilateral accessory little finger in upper extremity, short limbs, ectodermal dysplasia affecting teeth and nails, and congenital cardiac defect. The overall prevalence of this disease is 7 in 1000000. In this current case, a 9year old female patient reported with typical general and oral manifestations, which were key diagnostic features of EVC syndrome.

Simulations of argon plasma decay in a thermionic converter

The dynamics of an argon plasma in the gap of a thermionic diode is investigated using particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations. The time-averaged diode current, as a function of the relative electrical potential between the electrodes, is studied while the plasma density depletes due to recombination on the electrode surfaces. Simulations were performed in both one and two dimensions, and significant differences were observed in the plasma decay between the two cases. Specifically, in two dimensions it was found that the electrostatic potential gradually changes as the plasma decays, while in one dimension fluctuations in the plasma led to large potential fluctuations which changed the plasma decay characteristics relative to the two-dimensional case. This creates significant differences in the time-averaged diode current. Furthermore, it was found that the maximum time-averaged current is collected when the diode voltage is set to the flat-band condition, where the cathode and anode vacuum biases are equal. This suggests a novel technique of measuring the difference in work functions between the cathode and anode in a thermionic converter.

Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Survey on Special Care Dentistry: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Special Care Dentistry (SCD) is a dentistry branch that advocates equal dental Patient with Special Care Needs (PSCN). In several countries, it is a separate specialty. In India, it is still in its infancy. Few studies have explored the dentists' perception regarding SCD. Aim: To determine the knowledge and attitude about SCD, also the practice measures followed by the dentists in Chennai colleges. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted in three dental colleges in Chennai from September 2019 to October 2019. A total of 230 dentists were enrolled using random sampling. A set of 20 close ended multiple choice questions were formulated and administered to dentists {Undergraduates (UGs) and Postgraduates (PGs)}. Descriptive statistics and Chi-square test was performed using MATLAB software (Mathworks, 2015), with p<0.05. Results: A 78.8% of respondents got good scores of ≥7 in knowledge based questions, 25.6% of the participants showed overall positive attitude. Educational qualification did not affect respondents’ knowledge and attitude about SCD (p>0.05). Only 21.95% of UGs and 22.31% of the PGs have good self-confidence in treating patients with special needs. More than 80% have not administered Domiciliary Care (DC). A total of 65% of participants denied getting any training in their UGs/PGs curriculum. Conclusion: Dentists in the present study are aware about SCD. Clinical measures adopted by dentists and their confidence in treating these patients are suboptimal. Training in SCD should become integral part of future dental education.

Validity of 3-Tesla diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging for distinction of reactive and metastatic lymph nodes in head-and-neck carcinoma

Objectives

The objective was to study the relationship of 3-Tesla (3T) diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) with apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value for distinction of reactive and metastatic lymph nodes (LNs) in head-and-neck carcinoma (HNC) patients and to determine the ADC cutoff value for metastatic LNs at various levels.

Materials and Methods

3T DW and T1- and T2-weighted imaging sequences were done in 34 patients with biopsy-proven primary HNC of 100 cervical LNs ≥1 cm in diameter. The mean ADC values were compared with histopathologically proven LNs using the independent t-test. ADC cutoff value was evaluated with sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and a receiver operating characteristic curve analysis.

Results

The mean ADC value of reactive LN was 1.2933 × 10^-3 mm²/s and metastatic LN was 0.908 × 10^-3 mm²/s. An ADC cutoff value was 0.868 × 10^-3 mm²/s with 84% sensitivity, 96% specificity, 93% accuracy, 87.5% positive predictive value, and 94.7% negative predictive value. A significant difference in mean ADC value between reactive and metastatic LNs was noted (P< 0.001).

Conclusion

3T DW-MRI is useful in differentiating reactive and metastatic cervical LNs in HNC patients. However, studies with larger sample size have to be performed to validate ADC threshold value with 3T DW-MRI in differentiating between reactive and metastatic LNs for clinical practice.

Bubble Coalescence at Wormlike Micellar Solution-Air Interfaces

Surfactants in aqueous solutions self-assemble in the presence of salt, to form long, flexible, wormlike micelles (WLM). WLM solutions exhibit viscoelastic properties and are used in many applications, such as for cosmetic products, drag reduction, and hydraulic fracturing. Understanding the coalescence stability of bubbles in WLM solutions is important for the development of WLM based products that require a stable dispersion of bubbles. In this paper, we investigate the thin film drainage dynamics leading up to the coalescence of bubbles at flat WLM solution-air interfaces. The salts and surfactant type and concentrations were chosen so as to have the viscoelastic properties of the tested WLM solutions span over 2 orders of magnitude in moduli and relaxation times. The various stages in drainage and coalescence, the formation of a thick region at the apex (a dimple), the thinning and washout of this dimple, and the final stages of drainage before rupture, are modified by the viscoelasticity of the wormlike micellar solutions. As a result of the unique viscoelastic properties of the WLM solutions, we also observe a number of interesting fluid dynamic phenomena during the drainage processes including elastic recoil, thin film ripping, and single-step terminal drainage.

Computer-Aided Diagnosis system for diagnosis of pulmonary emphysema using bio-inspired algorithms

Pulmonary emphysema is a condition characterized by the destruction and permanent enlargement of the alveoli of the lungs. The destruction of gas-exchanging alveoli causes shortness of breath followed by a chronic cough and sputum production. A Computer-Aided Diagnosis (CAD) framework for diagnosing pulmonary emphysema from chest Computed Tomography (CT) slices has been designed and implemented in this study. The process of implementing the CAD framework includes segmenting the lung tissues and extracting the regions of interest (ROIs) using the Spatial Intuitionistic Fuzzy C-Means clustering algorithm. The ROIs that were considered in this work were emphysematous lesions - namely, centrilobular, paraseptal, and bullae that were labelled by an expert radiologist. The shape, texture, and run-length features were extracted from each ROI. A wrapper approach that employed four bio-inspired algorithms - namely, Moth-Flame Optimization (MFO), Firefly Optimization (FFO), Artificial Bee Colony Optimization, and Ant Colony Optimization - with the accuracy of the support vector machine classifier as the fitness function was used to select the optimal feature subset. The selected features of each bio-inspired algorithm were trained independently using the Extreme Learning Machine classifier based on the tenfold cross-validation technique. The framework was tested on real-time and public emphysema datasets to perform binary classification of lung CT slices of patients with and without the presence of emphysema. The framework that used MFO and FFO for feature selection produced superior results regarding accuracy, precision, recall, and specificity for the real-time dataset and the public dataset, respectively, when compared to the other bio-inspired algorithms.

Feeding status of free-range scavenging chickens in different agro-climatic regions of India

1. The aim of this study was to determine the nutritional status of backyard chickens reared under 4 different agro-climatic conditions (tropical, humid subtropical, cool-temperate and semi-arid) of India during different seasons of the year and to compare their nutritional status with those reared under confined feeding system (CFS). In each season, 15 adult and 15 grower chickens were slaughtered for collecting content of crop and gizzard to assess the nutritional status from different agro-climatic conditions.2. The dry matter content of crop and gizzard was higher (P < 0.01) in chickens reared under backyard conditions compared to those reared under CFS.3. Higher (P < 0.01) crop and gizzard contents were recorded during winter compared to the rainy season. The proportion of grains in the crop during summer and winter season was higher compared to rainy season. Further, there were more insects present in the crop during the rainy season and winter compared to summer.4. The proportion of insects was higher in chickens reared in humid, subtropical and cool temperate regions compared to semi-arid conditions. The consumption of grasses was higher in cool-temperate regions as compared to those reared under other areas.5. Crude protein (CP), Ca, P and gross energy (GE) content of the crop were higher in chickens reared under CFS compared to those reared in backyard systems and CP in the crop contents was lower in backyard chickens reared in humid subtropical and semi-arid regions compared to other areas. Similarly, lower (P < 0.01) Ca levels were seen in crop and gizzard contents from birds reared in semi-arid Rajasthan, and P and GE were lower in tropical wet and dry Telangana (TWT) compared to the chickens reared in the backyard conditions in other regions.6. Based on the results, the nutrient intake for birds utilising the scavenging feed resource base (SFRB) in the TWT region was below the requirements of backyard chickens from the other regions selected in the present study. GE and CP were critically deficient in the SFRB of the TWT region. Therefore, evolving location-specific supplementary diets using locally available feed resources to meet nutrient requirement of backyard chickens is required for optimising production potential.

Effect of graded levels of soapnut (Sapindus mukorossi) shell powder on reproductive performance in broiler breeders

Objective

This study investigated the effects of soapnut (Sapindus mukorossi) shell powder (SSP) on serum hormone level, egg quality, semen characteristics and reproductive performance of broiler breeders fed with a maize-soybean meal based diet.

Methods

Ninety six female and twenty four male CARIBRO-VISHAL broiler breeders, 38-week old, were individually caged and randomly allocated to four treatment groups (24 female breeders/treatment and 6 male breeders/treatment): an un-supplemented control (T1) and three groups with 0.0176% SSP (group T2), 0.026% SSP (group T3) and 0.0528% SSP (group T4), to have supplementary saponin at 0, 50, 75, and 150 ppm, respectively, for 42 days.

Results

The results indicated that serum (p<0.001) and seminal plasma (p<0.05) testosterone level, semen volume (p<0.001), mass motility (p<0.001), and live spermatozoa count (p<0.001) was increased in groups T3 and T4 compared to T2 and control groups. Compared with control group, total sperm count was increased (p<0.001) and dead spermatozoa count was decreased (p<0.001) in SSP supplemented groups. Supplementation of SSP did not affected the quality of egg lay. Compared with control group, fertility (p<0.01) and hatchability (total eggs set and fertile eggs set) (p<0.001) were significantly improved in SSP supplemented groups with the highest improvement in T3 treatment group. Embryonic death was decreased (p< 0.001) in SSP supplemented groups compared to control; lowest embryonic death was recorded in T3 treatment group.

Conclusion

Thus, it was concluded that dietary supplementation of 0.026% SSP (saponin equivalent 75 ppm) improved the reproductive performance of broiler breeders.

Degradation of euptox A by tannase-producing rumen bacteria from migratory goats

AIMS

The gut microbiota capable of degrading plant biomass and antinutritional phytometabolites are of immense importance. This study reports isolation and characterization of tannase-producing rumen bacteria that could also degrade euptox A (9-oxo-10,11-dehydroageraphorone) present in Eupatorium adenophorum (Spreng).

METHODS AND RESULTS

Migratory Gaddi goats were selected as source of inoculums for isolating rumen bacteria with ability to produce tannase which catalyses degradation of hydrolysable tannins (HTs). Three rumen bacterial isolates producing tannase were studied, and identified as Klebsiella variicola strain PLP G-17 LC, K. variicola strain PLP S-18 and Klebsiella pneumoniae strain PLP G-17 SC. The isolates exhibited optimal tannase activity at 40°C, and pH 6·0. The bacteria could also degrade euptox A, a potent hepatotoxin in E. adenophorum Spreng, a widely distributed noxious weed.

CONCLUSIONS

The rumen bacteria could degrade antinutritional HTs and euptox A. Culture-independent metagenomic interventions are envisioned to completely decipher the rumen microbial ecology and exploit its genetic and metabolic potential.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY

The bacteria producing tannase which catalyses degradation of HTs, and concurrently degrading euptox A, may have potential as microbial feed additives to increase utilization of plant biomass containing antinutritional phytometabolites.

Feature selection using ant colony optimization with tandem-run recruitment to diagnose bronchitis from CT scan images

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) plays a vital role in the routine clinical activity for the detection of lung disorders using computed tomography (CT) images. It serves as a source of second opinion that radiologists may consider in order to interpret CT images. In this work, the purpose of CAD is to improve the diagnostic accuracy of pulmonary bronchitis from CT images of the lung.

METHODS

Left and right lung fields are segmented using optimal thresholding from the lung CT images. Texture and shape features are extracted from the pathology bearing regions. A hybrid feature selection approach based on ant colony optimization (ACO) combining cosine similarity and support vector machine (SVM) classifier is used to select relevant features. Additionally, tandem run recruitment strategy is included in the selection activity to choose the promising features. The SVM classifier is trained using the selected features and the performance of the trained classifier is evaluated using trivial performance evaluation measures.

RESULTS

The training and testing datasets used in building the classifier model are disjoint and contains 200 CT slices affected with bronchitis, 50 normal slices and 300 slices with cancer. Out of 100 features extracted from each CT slice, a subset of 60 features is used for classification. ACO with tandem run strategy yielded 81.66% of accuracy whereas ACO without tandem run yielded an accuracy of 77.52%. When all the features are used for classifier training without feature selection algorithm, an accuracy of 75.14% is achieved.

CONCLUSION

From the results, it is inferred that identifying relevant features to train the classifier has a definite impact on the classifier performance.

Abstract P6-01-15: Novel regulation of breast cancer cell aggressiveness by cancer testis antigen

We recently demonstrated that a vesicular endocytosis associated protein SH3GL2, attenuates spontaneous metastases of breast cancer cells by inducing a mesenchymal to epithelial differentiation and the onset of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. The present study aims to understand the molecular mechanism behind the SH3Gl2 mediated reduction of spontaneous metastasis of the breast cancer cells.

We employed a cDNA microarray analysis of the SH3GL2-overexpressing breast cancer cells exhibiting reduced pulmonary metastasis and identified a 12.1 fold downregulation of SPANXB1, a cancer-testis antigen that regulates sperm motility. A limited number of studies reported an association between increased SPANXB1 expression and progression of melanoma and hepatocellular carcinoma. Augmented SPANXB1 mRNA and protein expression was evident in primary breast tumors and its upregulation was associated with pulmonary metastasis of breast cancer cells. However, the expression pattern of SPANXB1 and its role in BCa development and progression is unknown. By immunohistochemical analysis, we detected high expression (p=0.002) of SPANXB1 in 78% (18/23) of the primary breast cancer tissues and corresponding lymph node metastases compared to the matched normal breast tissues. A couple of non-tumorigenic human breast epithelial cell lines were stably transformed with SPANXB1 to understand its effect on cellular growth and progression. The SPANXB1-transformed cells exhibited increased invasion (p=0.0001) and epithelial to mesenchymal transition accompanied by an augmented expression ratio of Vimentin/E-Cadherin, molecules regulating differentiation and metastasis. The SPANXB1-transformed cells also exhibited a markedly reduced expression of SH3GL2, implicating a SPANXB1:SH3GL2 crosstalk accompanied by an enhanced production of lactate (p=0.004). Our investigation identifies new breast cancer promoting role of a cancer testis antigen, which bears potential for biomarker and targeted therapeutic development.

Citation Format: Kannan A, Wells RM, Ikebe M, Dasgupta S. Novel regulation of breast cancer cell aggressiveness by cancer testis antigen [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2016 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2016 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-01-15.

Nutrient intake, digestibility and performance of Gaddi kids supplemented with tea seed or tea seed saponin extract

Objective

An experiment was conducted to determine the nutrient intake, digestibility, microbial protein synthesis, haemato-biochemical attributes, immune response and growth performance of Gaddi kids fed with oat fodder based basal diet supplemented with either tea seed or tea seed saponin (TSS) extract.

Methods

Eighteen male kids, 7.03±0.16 months of age and 19.72±0.64 kg body weight, were distributed into three groups, T₀ (control), T₁, and T₂, consisting of 6 animals each in a completely randomized design. The kids were fed a basal diet consisting of concentrate mixture and oat fodder (50:50). Animals in group III (T₂) were supplemented with TSS at 0.4% of dry matter intake (DMI), and group II (T₁) were supplemented with tea seed at 2.6% of DMI to provide equivalent dose of TSS as in T₂. Two metabolism trials were conducted, 1st after 21 days and 2nd after 90 days of feeding to evaluate the short term and long term effects of supplementation.

Results

The tea seed (T₁) or TSS (T₂) supplementation did not affect DMI as well as the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fibre, and acid detergent fibre. Nutritive value of diet and plane of nutrition were also comparable for both the periods. However, the average daily gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were improved (p<0.05) for T₁ and T₂ as compared to T₀. The microbial protein supply was also higher (p<0.05) for T₁ and T₂ for both the periods. There was no effect of supplementation on most blood parameters. However, the triglyceride and low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels decreased (p<0.05) and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol level increased (p<0.05) in T₂ as compared with T₀ and T₁. Supplementation also did not affect the cell mediated and humoral immune response in goats.

Conclusion

Tea seed at 2.6% of DMI and TSS at 0.4% DMI can be fed to Gaddi goats to improve growth rate, FCR and microbial protein synthesis.