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Morphology of encapsulated iron nanoparticles obtained by co-sputtering and implantation: a GISAXS study. J Appl Crystallogr 2000. [DOI: 10.1107/s0021889899014181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Morphological characterization of ion-sputtered C–Ag, C/C–Ag and Ag/C films by GISAXS. J Appl Crystallogr 1999. [DOI: 10.1107/s0021889898011996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A carbon–silver thin film (33 at.% Ag and thickness of 2100 Å) has been synthesized by co-sputtering of a C–Ag target and characterized by grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS), a technique that gives a considerably enhanced surface sensitivity. Experiments have been carried out at or near the critical angle of the layer. It is shown that, because C and Ag show no mutual solubility, a demixing occurs during the co-deposition process and silver clusters form within an amorphous carbon matrix. Using different incident angles of the X-ray beam, it is demonstrated that two populations of clusters are present in the layer: some large and nearly spherical on the surface, others smaller and elongated along the direction of the growth of the thin film in the bulk. In the case of a C/C–Ag bilayer, the surface diffusion is avoided just after the co-deposition process and it is shown that only the small and elongated clusters in the bulk are formed. In the case of a very thin Ag/C layer, there is only surface diffusion and it is shown that large silver islands are formed on the carbon surface. Such experiments demonstrate that the growth mechanism that takes place during the co-deposition process involves mainly a surface diffusion of silver and carbon atoms, as opposed to a volume diffusion.
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Grazing-Incidence Small-Angle Scattering. Morphology of Deposited Clusters and Nanostructure of Thin Films. J Appl Crystallogr 1997. [DOI: 10.1107/s002188989700099x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
It is shown that grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) is a new experimental technique that combines both grazing incidence and scattering at low angles. The experiments are carried out at or near the critical angle: the result is a considerably enhanced surface sensitivity. It allows morphological characterization of aggregates deposited or gathered on a flat substrate, such as silicon wafer or Coming glass. The full potential of this technique is realized when using a synchrotron source (flux, collimation and choice of wavelength in order to avoid fluorescence or to perform anomalous measurements) and when patterns are recorded with two-dimensional detectors: gas detectors or imaging plates (IPs). It is then possible to study the anisotropic shape of the scattering pattern and to determine the sizes of the aggregates. Results are presented for gold clusters deposited on a silicon wafer covered by a carbon sublayer in order to make a comparison with transmission electron microscopy and with scanning probe microscopy. Other examples are presented in order to highlight the advantages of such a technique applied to small inclusions in thin surface layers.
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Pulsed laser crystallization of hydrogen-free a-Si thin films for high-mobility poly-Si TFT fabrication. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00324357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Détermination des contraintes résiduelles par diffraction des rayons X dans une couche mince de 1 000 Å de tungstène. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1051/jp3:1992209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Scanning tunneling microscopy and X-ray reflectometry of Pt and Pd thin films prepared by DC sputtering. Ultramicroscopy 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-3991(92)90326-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Influence of the doping level on the microstructure of P-type porous silicon studied by small-angle X-ray scattering. J Appl Crystallogr 1991. [DOI: 10.1107/s0021889891001085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Grazing-incidence X-ray scattering study of the microstructure of tungsten–carbon films. J Appl Crystallogr 1991. [DOI: 10.1107/s0021889891001450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Anomalous small-angle X-ray scattering study of the early stages of decomposition in Cu–15wt%Ni–8wt%Sn. J Appl Crystallogr 1990. [DOI: 10.1107/s0021889890002655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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New apparatus for grazing X-ray reflectometry in the angle-resolved dispersive mode. J Appl Crystallogr 1989. [DOI: 10.1107/s0021889889005819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Anomalous small-angle scattering in metallurgy: a feasibility experiment with an Al–Zn alloy. J Appl Crystallogr 1986. [DOI: 10.1107/s0021889886090064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Anomalous small-angle scattering of Guinier–Preston zones in Al–Zn alloys. Acta Crystallogr A 1984. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767384088309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Small-angle X-ray scattering map of an Al–4 wt% Cu alloy after spinodal decomposition. J Appl Crystallogr 1978. [DOI: 10.1107/s0021889878013898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Etudein situpar diffusion centrale des rayons X d'une faible addition de Mg sur les mécanismes de précipitation d'un alliage Al–15% Zn en poids. J Appl Crystallogr 1977. [DOI: 10.1107/s0021889877013156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Anisotopie de la decomposition spionodale dans l'alliage Al-4% Cu observee par'diffusion centrale des rayons X. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/0036-9748(76)90073-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Etude de la lacune de miscibilité métastable et de la structure cristallographique des zones G.P. dans les alliages aluminum–argent. J Appl Crystallogr 1974. [DOI: 10.1107/s0021889874008648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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