Blocking antibodies induced by allergen-specific immunotherapy ameliorate allergic airway disease in a human/mouse chimeric model

BACKGROUND

Allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) induces specific blocking antibodies (Ab), which are claimed to prevent IgE-mediated reactions to allergens. Additionally, AIT modulates cellular responses to allergens, for example, by desensitizing effector cells, inducing regulatory T and B lymphocytes and immune deviation. It is still enigmatic which of these mechanisms mediate(s) clinical tolerance. We sought to address the role of AIT-induced blocking Ab separately from cellular responses in a chimeric human/mouse model of respiratory allergy.

METHODS

Nonobese diabetic severe combined immunodeficient γc^-/- (NSG) mice received intraperitoneally allergen-reactive PBMC from birch pollen-allergic patients together with birch pollen extract and human IL-4. Engraftment was assessed by flow cytometry. Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and bronchial inflammation were analyzed after intranasal challenges with allergen or PBS. Sera collected from patients before and during AIT with birch pollen were added to the allergen prior to intranasal challenge. The IgE-blocking activity of post-AIT sera was assessed in vitro.

RESULTS

Human cells were detected in cell suspensions of murine lungs and spleens indicating successful humanization. Humanized mice displayed a more pronounced AHR and bronchial inflammation when challenged with allergen compared to negative controls. Post-AIT sera exerted IgE-blocking activity. In contrast to pre-AIT sera, the presence of heterologous and autologous post-AIT sera significantly reduced the allergic airway inflammation and matched their IgE-blocking activity determined in vitro.

CONCLUSION

Our data demonstrate that post-AIT sera with IgE-blocking activity ameliorate allergic airway inflammation in a human/mouse chimeric model of respiratory allergy independently of AIT-induced cellular changes.

Distinct epitope structures of defensin-like proteins linked to proline-rich regions give rise to differences in their allergenic activity

Background

Art v 1, Amb a 4, and Par h 1 are allergenic defensin‐polyproline–linked proteins present in mugwort, ragweed, and feverfew pollen, respectively. We aimed to investigate the physicochemical and immunological features underlying the different allergenic capacities of those allergens.

Methods

Recombinant defensin‐polyproline–linked proteins were expressed in E. coli and physicochemically characterized in detail regarding identity, secondary structure, and aggregation status. Allergenic activity was assessed by mediator releases assay, serum IgE reactivity, and IgE inhibition ELISA using sera of patients from Austria, Canada, and Korea. Endolysosomal protein degradation and T‐cell cross‐reactivity were studied in vitro.

Results

Despite variations in the proline‐rich region, similar secondary structure elements were observed in the defensin‐like domains. Seventy‐four percent and 52% of the Austrian and Canadian patients reacted to all three allergens, while Korean patients were almost exclusively sensitized to Art v 1. This was reflected by IgE inhibition assays demonstrating high cross‐reactivity for Austrian, medium for Canadian, and low for Korean sera. In a subgroup of patients, IgE reactivity toward structurally altered Amb a 4 and Par h 1 was not changed suggesting involvement of linear epitopes. Immunologically relevant endolysosomal stability of the defensin‐like domain was limited to Art v 1 and no T‐cell cross‐reactivity with Art v 1_25‐36 was observed.

Conclusions

Despite structural similarity, different IgE‐binding profiles and proteolytic processing impacted the allergenic capacity of defensin‐polyproline–linked molecules. Based on the fact that Amb a 4 demonstrated distinct IgE‐binding epitopes, we suggest inclusion in molecule‐based allergy diagnosis.