Fine mapping of a new common bean anthracnose resistance gene (Co-18) to the proximal end of Pv10 in Indian landrace KRC-5

KEY MESSAGE

Mapping and fine mapping of bean anthracnose resistance genes is a continuous process. We report fine mapping of anthracnose resistance gene Co-18 which is the first anthracnose gene mapped to Pv10. The discovery of resistance gene is a major gain in the bean anthracnose pathosystem research. Among the Indian common bean landraces, KRC-5 exhibit high levels of resistance to the bean anthracnose pathogen Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. To precisely map the anthracnose resistance gene, we used a Recombinant Inbred Line (F2:9 RIL) population (KRC-5 × Jawala). The inheritance test revealed that KRC-5 carries a dominant resistance gene temporarily designated as Co-18. We discovered two RAPD markers linked to Co-18 among 287 RAPD markers. These RAPD markers were eventually developed into SCARs (Sc-OPR15 and Sc-OPF6) and flank Co-18 on chromosome Pv10 at a distance of 5.3 and 4.2 cM, respectively. At 4.0-4.1 Mb on Pv10, we detected a SNP (single-nucleotide polymorphism) signal. We synthesized 58 SSRs and 83 InDels from a pool of 135 SSRs and 1134 InDels, respectively. Five SSRs, four InDels, and two SCARs were used to generate the high-density linkage map, which led to the identification of two SSRs (SSR24 and SSR36) that are tightly linked to Co-18. These two SSRs flank the Co-18 to 178 kb genomic region with 13 candidate genes including five NLR (nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat) genes. The closely linked markers SSR24 and SSR36 will be used in cloning and pyramiding of the Co-18 gene with other R genes to develop durable resistant bean varieties.

Purple Tea, a Rich source of anthocyanin and polyphenol: A Review

Tea (Camellia sinensis) is a famous drink after water which is burned-through everywhere on the world because of its medical advantages. Anthocyanin-rich purple tea shoots (PL) has higher measure of polyphenol, when contrasted with standard green leaf shoot (GL). Likewise tea items produced using PL have more significant levels of catechin profile, and cell reinforcement exercises than that of GL. Notwithstanding, purple tea has a less measure of caffeine content and a high measure of anthocyanin which is useful in human wellbeing. Fundamentally anthocyanins are polyphenol. In-plant, anthocyanins accept a critical part in augmentation, seed dissipating, getting against abiotic and biotic pressing factor. Epidemiological examinations show that every day imtake of purple tea lessens the danger of cardiovascular sickness, neurological issues, and malignant growth moreover. As a result of higher measure of anthocyanin and polyphenol, purple tea displays more cell reinforcement, militating against stoutness, hostile to microbial, hostile to hyperglycemic properties as contrast with GL. In the central tangible framework, anthocyanin and cyaniding-3-O-glucoside (C3G) show insurance just as therapeutic properties against various genuine afflictions like Parkinson's, Alzheimer's disease, etc. Hindrance of neuroinflammation and oxidative pressing factor are two guideline pathways by which anthocyanin and C3G make guarded or possibly healing effects in CNS issue. In this study, we summarize various properties of purple tea and give an audit of the piece of purple tea, concerning polyphenols and anthocyanin in the evasion of cardiovascular ailment, harmful development, and central tangible framework (CNS) tangle prevalently Alzheimer's ailment and Parkinson's infection.

Reprogramming of Molecular Switching Events in UPR Driven ER Stress: Scope for Development of Anticancer Therapeutics

The incitement of unfolded protein response (UPR) during endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress by diverse intracellular (hypoxia, nutrient deprivation, etc.) or extracellular (environmental or drug induced) stimuli is considered a major threat for perturbing cellular homeostasis leading to the aggregation of unfolded proteins inside the cell. The catastrophic UPR events emerge as a prime cellular adaptation by remodeling cancer cell signaling and restoring ER homeostasis in favor of tumor growth. The transient ER stress protects cancer cells from undergoing apoptosis, whereas the prolonged stress response further activates many cell death pathways. The present review summarizes the UPR mediated triggering of transcriptional and translational reprogramming, which will provide novel therapeutic strategies towards pro-death mechanisms rather than a cellular adaptation in tumorigenesis. Nonetheless, the current topic also points out the reprogramming of emerging molecular switching events by complex UPR-mediated signaling to trigger apoptosis. The novel agents from various natural, semi-synthetic and synthetic sources that target ER stress signaling pathway to modulate selectively the UPR phenomena with preclinical efficacy are outlined. Since major emphasis on ER stress-induced transcriptional and translational reprogramming remains to be explored, we believe that the current subject will instigate more attention from the biomedical researchers in this certain research direction.

AKT is indispensable for coordinating Par-4/JNK cross talk in p21 downmodulation during ER stress

The double-edged role of p21 to command survival and apoptosis is emerging. The current investigation highlights ER stress-mediated JNK activation that plausibly triggers cell death by attenuating endogenous p21 level. Here, we demonstrated that ER stress activator 3-AWA diminishes the p21 levels in cancer cells by averting the senescent phenotype to commence G2/M arrest. In essence, the deceleration in p21 level occurs through ER stress/JNK/Caspase-3 axis via activation/induction of proapoptotic Par-4 and inhibition of AKT. The molecular dynamics studies identified important interactions, which may be responsible for the AKT inhibition and efficacy of 3-AWA towards AKT binding pocket. Interestingly, the p21 deceleration was rescued by incubating the cells with 3-AWA in the presence of an ER stress inhibitor, Salubrinal. Furthermore, we demonstrated that p21 expression decreases solitarily in Par-4^+/+ MEFs; albeit, ER stress-induced JNK activation was observed in both Par-4^+/+ and Par-4^−/− MEFs. Par-4 knockdown or overexpression studies established that ectopic Par-4 along with ER stress are not sufficient to downregulate p21 in PC-3 cells but are adequate for DU-145 cells and that the ER stress inflicted activation of JNK, inhibition of AKT and Par-4 induction are all crucial to p21 downmodulation by 3-AWA. By using isogenic cell lines, such as HCT-116 p53^+/+ and HCT-116 p53^−/−, we found that deceleration in p21 expression due to ER stress is p53 independent. Moreover, in orthotopic carcinogen-induced rat colorectal carcinoma model, we found that 3-AWA inhibits colorectal tumor growth and formation of colorectal polyps at a tolerable dose, similar to the first-line drug for colorectal cancer-5-fluorouracil.

First Report on Association of Colletotrichum coccodes with Chili Anthracnose in India

Chili (Capsicum annuum L.) is an important condiment and cash crop grown throughout India, including Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Punjab, Tamilnadu, and Himachal Pradesh. In Himachal Pradesh (HP), a northwestern Himalayan state of India, chilies including sweet pepper occupy an area of 2,447 ha with total production of approximately 31,810 t and productivity of 13.00 t per hectare. In 2007 and 2008, chili- and sweet pepper-growing areas of HP were surveyed for the prevalence of fruit rot/anthracnose disease caused by a complex of Colletotrichum species. Fields infested with disease were randomly sampled and four samples from each location were collected. Disease incidence ranged from 12.5 to 45.0% based on total plants assessed in the field. Symptoms of disease in the field included light brown, sunken lesions containing salmon-colored masses of conidia and microsclerotia on the fruit. Microscopic examination of the diseased samples revealed a variation in morphology of spores from two isolates (Cc 70 and Cc 74) collected from two locations in HP, the Kotkhai area of district Shimla and Shamsher (Ani) locality of district Kullu. Five fruits and ten leaves from five plants of a susceptible local variety were inoculated with a suspension of 5 × 10⁵ conidia/ml of isolates Cc70 and Cc74 using a pin prick method as described by Montri et al. (2). The inoculated fruits and leaves were kept in humid chambers at 25 ± 1°C with 12 h of light. After 48 h, the fruits and leaves were observed daily for the appearance of disease symptoms. Disease symptoms were similar to those of natural infections but with darker lesions. The fungus was recovered from infected fruit on Mathur's medium (glucose 2.80 g, peptone 2.00 g, magnesium sulfate hydrated 1.72 g, potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate 1.23 g, and agar 1.50 g/liter) and initially produced white-to-gray mycelia that became dark brown with age. Setae were present along with production of microsclerotia by the tenth day of culturing. A daily average growth of 8.1 mm was recorded on potato dextrose agar at 25 ± 1°C. Conidia were hyaline, unicellular, aseptate, and fusiform abruptly tapering to each end, and 15.5 to 19.6 μm long and 4.2 to 5.3 μm wide. The fungus was identified as Colletotrichum coccodes based on morphological and cultural traits as per the descriptions of Junior et al. (1). The identity of the isolates was confirmed by amplifying the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region using primer pair ITS1 and ITS4 (3). The sequences (550 bp) were subjected to a BLAST search with the isolates showing the highest identity to GenBank Accession Nos. GU935878 and EF017205. The sequences have been submitted to GenBank (Accession Nos. HQ264175 and HQ264176). Very few reports exist about the natural occurrence of C. coccodes on Capsicum spp. around the world. To our knowledge, this current report constitutes the first record of this pathogen on Capsicum spp. from the Indian subcontinent. References: (1). H. J. T. Junior et al. Summa Phytopathol. Botucatu 33:418, 2007. (2). P Montri et al. Plant Dis. 93:17, 2009. (3) T. J. White et al. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, 1990.

Thermodynamic properties of ternary mixtures containing nitrobenzene

Molar excess volumes, [Formula: see text], and molar excess enthalpies, [Formula: see text], of nitrobenzene (i) + benzene (j) + cyclohexane (k), nitrobenzene (i) + benzene (j) + n-hexane (k), and nitrobenzene (i) + benzene (j) + n-heptane (k) ternary mixtures have been determined dilatometrically and calorimetrically as a function of composition at 298.15 K. The data have been analyzed in terms of (i) the graph-theoretical approach and (ii) Flory's Theory. It has been observed that [Formula: see text], data calculated by graph theoretical as well as Flory's approach compare well with their corresponding experimental values. Keywords: molar excess volumes, molar excess enthalpies, specific interactions, molar volume interaction parameter, molar interaction enthalpy parameter.