Factors associated with preeclampsia among pregnant women in Gojjam zones, Amhara region, Ethiopia: a case-control study

PURPOSE

Little is known about the factors contributing to preeclampsia in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine factors associated with preeclampsia among pregnant women in public hospitals.

METHODS AND MATERIALS

An institution based unmatched case-control study was conducted. Women with preeclampsia were cases, and those without preeclampsia were controls. The study participants were selected using the consecutive sampling method with a case-to-control ratio of 1:2. The data were collected through measurements and a face-to-face interview. Then the data were entered using Epi Info and exported to STATA 14 for analysis. The findings were presented in text, tables, and figures.

RESULTS

About 51 (46.4%) of cases and 81 (36.8%) of controls had no formal education. Multiple gestational pregnancies (AOR = 2.75; 95% CI: 1.20-6.28); history of abortion (AOR = 3.17, 95% CI: 1.31-7.70); change of paternity (AOR = 3.16, 95% CI: 1.47-6.83); previous use of implants (AOR = 0.41; 95% CI: 0.13-0.96); and fruit intake during pregnancy (AOR = 0.36, 95% CI: 0.18-0.72) were associated factors of preeclampsia.

CONCLUSION

History of abortion, change of paternity, and multiple gestational pregnancies were risk factors for preeclampsia. Fruit intake during pregnancy and previous use of implant contraceptives were negatively associated with preeclampsia. Further studies should be conducted regarding the effect of prior implant use on preeclampsia. Healthcare providers should give special attention to women with a history of abortion and multiple gestational pregnancies during the ANC follow-up period.

Magnitude and factors associated with birth preparedness and complication readiness among pregnant women in Wolaita Zone, Ethiopia

OBJECTIVE

To assess the magnitude and factors associated with birth preparedness and complication readiness (BPCR) among pregnant women in Humbo district, Wolaita Zone, Ethiopia.

METHODS

A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from August 1 to 30, 2020. A total of 506 pregnant women were randomly selected and interviewed using a questionnaire. Data were entered using EpiData version 4.6.0, and analysis was made using SPSS version 24. An adjusted odds ratio (aOR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated.

RESULTS

The magnitude of BPCR in the Humbo district was 26.0%. The odds of being prepared for birth and its complications were higher among women who had a history of obstetric complications (aOR 2.77; 95% CI 1.18-6.52), participated in pregnant women's conferences (aOR 3.84; 95% CI 2.13-6.93), received advice on BPCR (aOR 2.39; 95% CI 1.36-4.22), and were knowledgeable on labor and childbirth danger signs (aOR 2.64; 95% CI 1.55-4.49).

CONCLUSION

The magnitude of birth preparedness and complication readiness was low in the study area. The healthcare provider should encourage the women to participate in conferences and provide continuous counseling during their prenatal care visits.

Undiagnosed hypertension and associated factors among adults in ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Hypertension is a major public health problem, resulting in 10 million deaths annually. Undiagnosed hypertension affects more people than ever before. It is more likely to be linked to severe hypertension, which can lead to stroke, cardiovascular disease, and ischemic heart disease. Thus, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to synthesize the prevalence of undiagnosed hypertension and its associated factors in Ethiopia.

METHODS

Databases, such as Medline/PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, AJOL, and the Cochrane Library, were systematically searched to find potential studies published until December 2022. A Microsoft Excel spreadsheet was used to enter the extracted data. The pooled prevalence of undiagnosed hypertension and its associated factors was estimated using a random effect model. I2 statistics and the Cochrane Q-test were used to assess statistical heterogeneity across the studies. Begg's and Egger's tests were performed to identify possible publication bias.

RESULTS

A total of ten articles with 5,782 study participants were included in this meta-analysis. In the random effects model, the pooled prevalence of undiagnosed hypertension was 18.26% (95% CI = 14.94-21.58). Being older (OR = 3.8, 95% CI = 2.56, 5.66), having a body mass index > 25 kg/m2 (OR = 2.71, 95% CI = 2.1, 3.53), having a family history of hypertension (OR = 2.22, 95% CI = 1.47, 3.36), and having DM comorbidity (OR = 2.44, 95% CI = 1.38, 4.32) were significantly associated with undiagnosed hypertension.

CONCLUSION

In this meta-analysis, the pooled prevalence of undiagnosed hypertension was found to be high in Ethiopia. Being older, having a BMI > 25 kg/m2, having a family history of hypertension, and having DM comorbidity were found to be risk factors for undiagnosed hypertension.

Association between iron-folic acid supplementation and pregnancy-induced hypertension among pregnant women in public hospitals, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia 2021: a case- control study

BACKGROUND

Pregnancy-induced hypertension is the new onset of high blood pressure after 20 weeks of gestation in women with previously normal blood pressure. To the best of our knowledge, no study has been conducted in our country to investigate the association between this pregnancy problem and iron-folic acid supplementation. The aim of this study was to determine the association between iron-folic acid supplementation and pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) in pregnant women at public hospitals in the Wolaita Sodo zone.

METHODS

An institution-based case-control study was conducted among pregnant women who visited public hospitals in the Wolaita Sodo zone from March 3, 2022, to August 30, 2022. A consecutive sampling method was used to select the study participants. The total sample size was 492, of which 164 were cases and 328 were controls. The data were collected by conducting face-to-face interviews and measurements. The data were entered into EpiData version 4.6 and exported to STATA 14 for analysis. Those variables with a p-value less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Descriptive statistics and odds ratios were presented using texts, tables, and figures.

RESULTS

A total of 471 women participated in this study, yielding a response rate of 96%. The cases had a mean age of 25 ± 4.43, while the controls had a mean age of 25 ± 3.99. The mean age at first pregnancy among cases was 20 ± 2.82 and among controls was 20 ± 2.97. The average number of deliveries for cases and controls was 1.97 ± 1.41 and 1.95 ± 1.38, respectively. There is no significant association between iron-folic acid supplementation and PIH. Pregnant women with high hemoglobin levels had higher odds of PIH as compared to those without it (AOR = 3.65; 95% CI: 1.0-12.9). Eating kocho (AOR = 14.4; 95% CI: 1.2-16.7) was positively associated with PIH.

CONCLUSIONS

There is no association between iron-folic acid supplementation during pregnancy and pregnancy-induced hypertension. Pregnant women with high hemoglobin levels had higher odds of PIH as compared to those without it. There is an association between kocho consumption and PIH. More research should be done using stronger designs.

Latrine Utilization and Associated Factors Among Rural Households in Southwest Ethiopia: Risk, Attitude, Norms, Ability, and Self-Regulation Behavioral Model

BACKGROUND

Consistent latrine utilization remains a challenge in most rural areas of poor and middle-income countries including Ethiopia. Therefore; the objective of this study was to determine the magnitude of latrine utilization and its associated factors among rural households in open defecation-free declared (ODF) and non-ODF kebeles, Southwest Ethiopia, 2022.

METHODS

A community-based comparative cross sectional study design was employed from May 16 to June 14, 2022 among 682 (341 ODF and 341 non-ODF) rural households which were selected by multistage systematic random sampling technique. Data were collected by face to face using a pretested structured questionnaire and an observational checklist through Open data kit. SPSS version 26 was used to analysis the data and separate logistic regression models; ODF and non-ODF were run to identify the associated factors. P-values <.05 with 95% CI were set as statistical significant.

RESULT

The overall magnitude of latrine utilization in the study area was 67.1% (95% CI: 63.71, 70.49). Latrine utilization was higher in ODF declared households (71.6%) than in non-ODF households (62.5%). In ODF; Graduated as model households [AOR = 5.1, 95% CI: 2.14, 12.84], visited by health extension works (HEWs) [AOR = 3.5, 95% CI: 1.67, 7.25], and latrine with privacy [AOR = 3.0, 95% CI: 1.37, 6.65] and also in non-ODF; households visited by HEWs [AOR = 2.9, 95% CI: 1.34, 6.06], latrine with privacy [AOR = 2.5, 95% CI: 1.24, 5.07], positive attitude [AOR = 3.2, 95% CI: 1.52, 6.59], and descriptive norm [AOR = 2.7, 95% CI: 1.27, 5.53] were significantly associated with latrine utilization.

CONCLUSION

This study found that rural households declared as ODF utilize their latrine higher than non-ODF. Constructing latrine without privacy, lack of follow up, Attitude and societal norms were factors that limited the utilization of latrine and the sustainability of ODF. Therefore, health extension follow-up, latrine construction with privacy, normative and persuasive behavior change approach should be encouraged.

Obesity and associated factors among high school adolescent students in Bahir Dar town, North West Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study

Objective

The aim of this study was to assess the magnitude and associated factors of obesity among high school adolescent students in Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.

Methods

An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from 10 September 2019 to 10 October 2019 in Bahir Dar town. A total of 1018 students were enrolled using a multistage sampling procedure. Epidata version 3.1 was used for data entry, and SPSS version 24 was used for data analysis. A bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed.

Results

The magnitude of obesity among high school adolescents was 8.3%. Attending a private school (adjusted odds ratio = 6.52; 95% confidence interval: 3.13, 13.59), not participating in moderate- to vigorous-intensity activities (AOR = 3.08; 95% confidence interval: 1.44, 6.64), coming from a wealthy family (adjusted odds ratio = 7.03; 95% CI: 2.16, 22.89), and snacking frequency (adjusted odds ratio = 9.64; 95% confidence Interval: 4.79, 19.39) were all associated with obesity.

Conclusions

Obesity was prevalent among students in private schools and wealthy families in the research area. Family size, household wealth, participation in moderate-to-striving activities, and snacking frequency were all found to be significant factors of obesity.

Determinants of Preeclampsia Among Pregnant Women in Public Hospitals of Wolaita and Dawuro Zones, Southern Ethiopia: A Case-Control Study

INTRODUCTION

Preeclampsia is a leading cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality in Ethiopia. It is defined by the onset of new hypertension (HTN) and proteinuria in the second trimester of pregnancy. There is a research gap in the study area and there is an inconsistency of findings in previous studies. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the factors of preeclampsia among pregnant women in public hospitals.

METHODS AND MATERIALS

An institution-based unmatched case-control study was conducted in public hospitals in Wolaita and Dawuro Zones from February 1 to June 26, 2021. Women who were diagnosed with preeclampsia were cases, while those who did not have it were controls. They were selected using a consecutive sampling method. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were done by STATA.

RESULTS

A total of 349 cases and 698 controls participated in this study. The average age of the cases and controls was 26.1 ± 4.6 standard deviation (SD) and 24.6 ± 4.8 SD years, respectively. The determinants of preeclampsia in this study were a family history of HTN (adjusted odds ratio [AOR = 11.5; 95% confidence interval, CI: 6.46-20.41], family history of diabetes mellitus [AOR = 2.1; 95% CI: 1.10-3.90], having two or multiple pregnancies [AOR = 6.33; 95% CI: 2.28-17.51], primigravida [AOR = 1.49; 95% CI: 1.01-2.21], and being gravida 5-9 [AOR = 2.47; 95% CI: 1.34-4.58]).

CONCLUSION

In this study, family history of HTN, family history of diabetes mellitus, history of preeclampsia, primigravida, and multiple gestation pregnancies were the determinants of preeclampsia. As a result, health care providers should pay special attention to pregnant women with a family history of HTN, primigravida, and two or multiple gestation pregnancies during antenatal care follow-up.

Mothers' Care-Seeking Behavior for Common Childhood Illnesses and Its Predictors in Ethiopia: Meta-Analysis

Background

Healthcare-seeking interventions can potentially reduce child mortality; however, many children die in developing countries without reaching a health facility. The World Health Organization reported that 70% of child deaths are related to delay care-seeking. So, this review is aimed at identifying mothers' care-seeking behavior for common childhood illnesses and predictors in Ethiopia.

Methods

Systematic search of studies was done on PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, institutional repositories, Academic Search Premier, and manually from reference lists of identified studies in the English language up to August 2021. The quality of the studies was evaluated by the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) quality appraisal tool for prevalence study. This meta-analysis used the random-effect method using the STATA™ Version 14 software.

Result

Fourteen studies involving 8,031 participants were included in this meta-analysis. After correcting Duval and Tweedie's trim and fill analysis, the overall pooled prevalence of mothers' care-seeking behavior is 60.73% (95% CI: 43.49-77.97), whereas the highest prevalence, 74.80% (95% CI: 62.60, 87.00) and 67.77%(95% CI: 55.66, 79.87), was seen in Amhara region and urban residents, respectively, while the lowest, 36.49% (95% CI: -27.21, 100.18) and 47.80% (95% CI:-15.31, 110.9), was seen in South Nation Nationality Peoples' Regions and among rural residents, respectively. Mothers' educational status (P ≤ 0.001) and mothers' marital status (P ≤ 0.001) were significantly associated with mothers' care-seeking behavior.

Conclusion

Even though children are a vulnerable group, mothers' care-seeking behavior for common childhood illnesses is significantly low. Educational status and marital status were determinants of mothers' care-seeking behavior. So, all responsible bodies should work on the improvement of mothers' care-seeking behavior.

Compliance level and factors associated with iron-folic acid supplementation among pregnant women in Dangila, Northern Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study

Objectives

Iron-folic acid non-compliance is a major problem in the study area. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the level of iron-folic acid supplementation compliance and associated factors among pregnant women.

Methods

A community-based cross-sectional study design was conducted among pregnant women from 1 to 30 November 2018 in Dangila, Northern Ethiopia. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select the participants. The data were collected using a structured questionnaire. For data entry and analysis, Epi Info 7 and Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) 23.0 were used, respectively. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were done. Descriptive statistics like mean and standard deviation, and odds ratios with their respective confidence intervals were calculated. Statistically significant was declared at a p value of less than 0.05. The results were presented using text, tables, and figures.

Results

A total of 589 pregnant women were involved, yielding a response rate of 91.2%. The average age of the participants in the study was 30.90 ± 5.93 years. The average weekly iron-folic acid pill intake was 5.3. The iron-folic acid compliance rate was 76.9% (95% confidence interval: 73.5-80.6). Women who had four or fewer alive children (adjusted odds ratio = 2.68, 95% confidence interval: 1.37-5.23), took less than 30 min to get to the health facility (adjusted odds ratio = 1.90, 95% confidence interval: 1.16-3.10), being a government employee (adjusted odds ratio = 0.16, 95% confidence interval: 0.03-0.81), attended antenatal care conferences (odds ratio = 2,95% confidence interval: 1.16-3.42), and started iron-folic acid tablets in the first trimester (odds ratio = 2.3, 95% confidence interval: 1.39-3.87) were associated with iron-folic acid compliance.

Conclusion

The level of iron-folic acid supplementation compliance was low. Attending antenatal care training and starting to take iron-folic acid pills early in the first trimester were both factors associated with iron-folic acid supplementation compliance. Health care and health extension workers should emphasize and monitor the iron pill-taking habits of pregnant women in home-to-home visits.

Determinants of long-acting reversible contraceptive use among women in Jawi woreda, North West Ethiopia: A case-control study

Objectives:

The utilization of long-acting reversible contraceptive methods is one of the key factors in protecting women and couples against unwanted pregnancies. The study aimed to assess the determinants of long-acting reversible contraceptive use among women in Northwest Ethiopia.

Methods:

A community-based unmatched case-control study was conducted from 1 February to 8 March 2017 in Northwest Ethiopia. The cases were women who used long-acting reversible contraceptive methods, and the controls were women who used short-acting contraceptives. Both of them were selected using a systematic sampling method. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect the data. Epi info and SPSS version 23 were used for data entry and analysis, respectively. Descriptive statistics and association measures were done and presented in texts, tables, and figures.

Results:

A total of 882 women were interviewed, with a response rate of 99.3%. Women who were between 15 and 24 years old were two times more likely to use long-acting reversible contraceptive methods than those whose age was ⩾35 (adjusted odds ratio = 2, 95% confidence interval: (1.20, 3.50)). A good level of knowledge about long-acting reversible contraceptive methods (adjusted odds ratio = 11.6, 95% confidence interval: (5.42, 24.80)), a negative attitude toward long-acting reversible contraceptive methods (adjusted odds ratio = 0.31, 95% confidence interval: (0.21, 0.46)), membership in the health development army (adjusted odds ratio = 2.8, 95% confidence interval: (2.12, 3.78)), no discussion with a partner about long-acting reversible contraceptive methods (adjusted odds ratio = 2.3, 95% confidence interval: (1.54, 3.49)), and more than 2 years of desire to wait before another pregnancy (adjusted odds ratio = 23.7, 95% confidence interval: (11.63, 48.55)) were determinants of long-acting reversible contraceptive methods use.

Conclusion:

This study revealed that attitude toward long-acting reversible contraceptive method use, being a member of the women’s health development army, and the desire to space children were determinants of long-acting reversible contraceptive method use. More actions should be taken to increase the utilization of long-acting reversible contraceptive methods by promoting discussion between partners about modern contraceptives and increasing women’s participation in being a member of the health development army.

Prevalence and trends of sexually transmitted infections among pregnant women in Mizan Tepi University Teaching Hospital, Southwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study

Introduction

sexually transmitted infections are the most common causes of illness in Africa. They are public health important diseases because of their magnitude, potential complications, and interactions with HIV/AIDS during pregnancy. In our country, especially in our study area, limited studies have been conducted to assess the magnitude and trends of sexually transmitted infections among pregnant women. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence and trends of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among pregnant women.

Methods

an institution-based cross-sectional study design was conducted in Mizan Tepi University Teaching Hospital in Southwest Ethiopia from August 1-30, 2019. Three hundred women were selected using a simple random sampling method from the women's registry book who visited the hospital for antenatal care (ANC) follow-up in the last five years. The data was collected by using checklists. Finally, the data were entered into Epi Info 7 and analyzed with statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) version 25.0.

Results

the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections was 50 (16.7%). HIV infection was 15 (5%), genital candidiasis 11 (3.7%), T. vaginitis 10 (3.3%), Hepatitis B virus 9 (3.0%), Hepatitis C virus 2 (0.7%), and Chlamydia 3 (1.0%). The trend of sexually transmitted infections over the last five consecutive years was increasing, decreasing, and again increasing.

Conclusion

this study showed that the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections in pregnant women was relatively higher than in other similar studies conducted in different study areas. The trend of sexually transmitted infections in the last five years was not constant.